Foot & Ankle International (FAI), in publication since 1980, is the official journal of the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS). This monthly medical journal emphasizes surgical and medical management as it relates to the foot and ankle with a specific focus on reconstructive, trauma, and sports-related conditions utilizing the latest technological advances.
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FAI May 2024 Podcast: Discrepancies Between Intraoperative and Postoperative Ankle Motion Measured for Anterior-Approach Total Ankle Arthroplasty
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Although intraoperative ankle motion serves as a foundational reference for anticipated motion after surgery and guides the addition of procedures to enhance ankle motion in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), the relationship between intraoperative and postoperative ankle motion remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the discrepancy between …
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FAI April 2024 Podcast: Statistical Fragility Analysis of Open Reduction Internal Fixation vs Primary Arthrodesis to Treat Lisfranc Injuries: A Systematic Review
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There is a lack of consensus in the use of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) vs primary arthrodesis (PA) in the management of Lisfranc injuries. Statistical fragility represents the number of events needed to flip statistical significance and provides context to interpret P values of outcomes from conflicting studies. The current study evalua…
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FAI March 2024 Podcast: Primary Ankle Fusion Using an Antegrade Nail Into the Talus for Early Treatment of OTA Type C3 Distal Tibial Plafond Fractures: A Preliminary Report
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Type C3 distal tibial plafond fractures consistently show poor outcomes with high complication rates and significant risk of posttraumatic arthritis. We describe a minimally invasive technique of performing a primary ankle fusion using an anterograde tibial nail and compare our early results to traditional methods of fixation. In conclusion, C3 dis…
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FAI February 2024 Podcast: Immediate Unprotected Weightbearing vs 2 Weeks Nonweightbearing After Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Ankle Fractures
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Postoperative care protocols for ankle fracture surgery remain controversial with variability among care providers. This prospective controlled trial compared 12-week postoperative outcomes for immediate unprotected weightbearing (IMWB) vs nonweightbearing (NWB) for 2 weeks in a splint followed by weightbearing as tolerated (WBAT) in a boot after s…
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FAI January 2024 Podcast: Outcomes After Proximal Medial Gastrocnemius Recession and Stretching vs Stretching as Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis at 6-Year Follow-up
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Evidence from prospective short-term studies suggest that proximal medial gastrocnemius recession is a safe and efficient procedure to treat chronic plantar fasciitis resistant to nonoperative treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of proximal medial gastrocnemius recession and stretching compared to a stre…
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FAI December 2023 Podcast: Outcomes After Hallux Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis
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Hallux interphalangeal joint arthrodesis (HIPJA) is indicated for a variety of pathologies. Despite high nonunion rates, techniques remain unchanged. The aim of this study is to examine nonunion and complication rates and describe risk factors for treatment failure. In conclusion, our cohort represents the largest single-center series of HIPJA proc…
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FAI November 2023 Podcast: Outcomes of Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Postfracture Ankle Arthritis
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Ankle arthritis that develops after fracture accounts for a significant portion of ankle arthritis necessitating total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). It remains unknown whether TAA in postfracture patients produces equivalent outcomes to those without fracture history. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the medium-term outcomes of TAA in postfrac…
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FAI October 2023 Podcast: Adverse Events After Ankle Fracture Open Reduction Internal Fixation Among Patients With and Without Documented Cannabis and Tobacco Use
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Ankle fractures are common orthopaedic injuries that may be indicated for open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Although the negative impact of tobacco use on perioperative outcomes of ankle fracture ORIF has been described, the potential impact of cannabis use on related outcomes is not as well established. In conclusion, patients with tobacco …
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FAI September 2023 Podcast: The Fate of Delayed Unions After Isolated Ankle Fusion
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Nonunion remains the most common major complication of ankle arthrodesis. Although previous studies have reported delayed union or nonunion rates, few have elaborated on the clinical course of patients experiencing delayed union. In this retrospective cohort study, we sought to understand the trajectory of patients with delayed union by determining…
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FAI August 2023 Podcast: Broström Repair With and Without Augmentation: Comparison of Outcomes at Median Follow-up of 5 Years
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An augmented Broström repair with nonabsorbable suture tape has demonstrated strength and stiffness more similar to the native anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) compared to Broström repair alone at the time of repair in cadaveric models for the treatment of lateral ankle instability. The study purpose was to compare minimum 2-year patient-report…
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FAI July 2023 Podcast: Association of Preexisting Triple Fusion and Arthroscopic Ankle Arthrodesis nonunion
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Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis (AAA) is a successful treatment for end-stage ankle arthritis. A significant early complication of AAA is symptomatic nonunion. Published nonunion rates range from 8% to 13%. Longer term, there is concern that it predisposes to subtalar joint (STJ) fusion. To better understand these risks, we undertook a retrospective…
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FAI June 2023 Podcast: Does Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Use at New Foot and Ankle Patient Clinic Visits Improve Patient Activation, Experience, and Satisfaction?
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Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can help predict clinical outcomes and improve shared clinical decision-making discussions. There remains a paucity of research assessing how the use of PROMs may drive improved patient experience and patient activation. In conclusion, highly rated foot and ankle surgeons who show and discuss PROM results m…
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FAI May 2023 Podcast: Risks Associated With Posterior Ankle Hindfoot Arthroscopy Complications
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The use of posterior ankle and hindfoot arthroscopy (PAHA) has been expanding over time. Many new indications have been reported in the literature. The primary objective of this study was to report the rate of PAHA complication in a large cohort of patients and describe their potential associations with demographical and surgical variables. In conc…
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FAI April 2023 Podcast: Outcomes of Salvage Procedures for Failed Total Ankle Arthroplasty
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The number of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) procedures increased rapidly in the last years and so have its complications. The main pillars in treating failed TAA are revision total ankle arthroplasty (RTAA), revision total ankle arthrodesis (RAA), or revision tibiotalocalcaneal fusion (RTTC). To evaluate these options, we compared clinical, radiol…
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FAI March 2023 Podcast: Patient Satisfaction and Pain Relief After Deep Peroneal Nerve Neurectomy for Midfoot Arthritis: A Preliminary Short Report
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The deep peroneal nerve (DPN) plays a role in afferent nociceptive dorsal midfoot joint pain perception. DPN neurectomy for treatment of symptomatic dorsal midfoot osteoarthritis allows early mobilization and weightbearing. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the patient satisfaction and pain relief after DPN neurectomy for treatment of chroni…
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FAI January 2023 Podcast: Early-Term Results of the Cadence Total Ankle Prosthesis: An European Noninventor Study
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Although considerable literature can be found on the outcome of total ankle replacement (TAR), only a few studies have reported the results of the fixed-bearing Cadence prosthesis. This noninventor study reports a consecutive series of 60 Cadence TAR systems with a mean of 2.9 years’ follow-up, focusing on clinical and radiographic outcomes and ear…
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FAI December 2022 Podcast: Minimum 5-Year Follow-up Results: CROSSBAT (Combined Randomised and Observational Study of Surgery vs No Surgery for Type B Ankle Fracture Treatment)
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Isolated Weber B, AO (Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) type 44B ankle fractures with no fracture to the medial side are the most common type of ankle fracture and may be treated with internal fixation or without surgery. This study aimed to determine if surgery is superior to nonsurgical management for the treatment of these fracture…
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FAI November 2022 Podcast: Compensation of Dynamic Fixation Systems in the Quality of Reduction of Distal Tibiofibular Joint in Acute Syndesmotic Complex Injuries: A CT-Based Analysis
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There is an ongoing discussion on how to best stabilize syndesmotic injuries. Previous studies have indicated a better quality of reduction of the distal tibiofibular joint (DTFJ) for the suture button systems compared to syndesmotic screw fixation. Still, the reason for this superiority remains unclear. The aims of this retrospective study were to…
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FAI October 2022 Podcast: Significant Factors of High Performance Outcomes for Tibial Plafond Fractures
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Limited research exists about high performance postsurgical tibial plafond fractures. This study aimed to identify aspects of the plafond fracture injury and care associated with “high performance” based on Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) scores. In conclusion, significant independent factors …
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FAI September 2022 Podcast: Augmenting Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation and Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate with Particulate Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Is Associated With Improved Outcomes
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Osteochondral autograft transplant (OAT) is often used to treat large osteochondral lesions of the talus and is generally associated with good outcomes. The addition of adjuncts such as cartilage extracellular matrix with bone marrow aspirate concentrate (ECM-BMAC) may further improve the OAT procedure but have not been thoroughly studied. We hypot…
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FAI August 2022 Podcast: Treatment of Infected Nonunions With Bone Defects Using Autologous Bone Graft and Absorbable Antibiotic-Loaded Calcium Sulfate–Hydroxyapatite Paste
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Revision surgery in the presence of infection carries high risks. We describe our results using a new technique to treat these challenging problems. We treated infected nonunions with cavitary voids with adjuvant antibiotic loaded calcium sulfate–hydroxyapatite paste composite and autologous bone graft (ABG) layer technique coupled with stable fixa…
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FAI July 2022 Podcast: Avoiding Fifth Metatarsal Intramedullary Screw Head Cuboid Impingement: A Weightbearing Computed Tomography Anatomic Study
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Multiple case reports of fifth metatarsal (MT) intramedullary fixation highlight symptomatic hardware with screw head impingement on the cuboid. We developed a fifth MT intramedullary screw trajectory model using weightbearing computed tomography data. The goal was to assess for cuboid impingement with simulated intramedullary screw position. In co…
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FAI June 2022 Podcast: Patient-Specific Instrumentation vs Standard Referencing in Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Comparison of the Radiologic Outcome
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Existing literature on the superiority of patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) over standard referencing (SR) is limited. Advantages presented include better implant alignment, shorter operating times, and increased accuracy of implant size prediction. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze PSI in the…
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FAI May 2022 Podcast: Fibula Nail Outcomes in Soft Tissue Compromised Ankle Fractures
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The background of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes following fibula nail fixation and to identify the indication for the use of fibula nails in lower limb fractures. In conclusion, this multicenter study demonstrates that use of a fibula nail appears to be a safe approach to treating patients who have a physiologically higher risk …
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FAI April 2022 Podcast: Average 4-Year Outcomes of Distal Oblique First Metatarsal Osteotomy for Stage 1 to 3 Hallux Rigidus
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Hallux rigidus is the second most frequent pathology of the first ray. Surgical options for degenerative metatarsophalangeal joint disease are either joint destructive or conservative procedures. The hypothesis was that oblique distal shortening osteotomy of the first metatarsal is an effective conservative technique for the management of stage 1 t…
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FAI March 2022 Podcast: Association of First Metatarsal Pronation Correction With Patient-Reported Outcomes and Recurrence Rates in Hallux Valgus
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The purpose of this study was to determine if a postoperative decrease in first metatarsal pronation on 3-dimensional imaging was associated with changes in patient-reported outcomes as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function, pain interference, and pain intensity domains or recurrence rat…
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FAI February 2022 Podcast: Minimally Invasive Distal Metatarsal Metaphyseal Osteotomy of the Lesser Toes: Clinical, Radiologic, and Pedobarographic Outcomes
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The minimally invasive distal metatarsal metaphyseal osteotomy (DMMO) is a percutaneous operative technique with the aim to relieve the symptoms of metatarsalgia. To our knowledge, no previous research has analyzed both pre- and postoperative pedobarographic data including the changes in plantar pressure. In conclusion, the results demonstrate a si…
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FAI January 2022 Podcast: Outcomes of Tibialis Anterior Tendon Reconstruction with Autograft or Allograft
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In cases of tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) ruptures associated with significant tendon defect, an interposition graft is often needed for reconstruction. Both auto- and allograft reconstructions have been described in the literature. Our hypothesis was that both graft types would have a good integrity and provide comparable outcomes. In conclusion,…
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FAI December 2021 Podcast: Outcomes of 2B Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Correction in Patients With and Without Spring Ligament Tear
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It is currently unclear how injury to the spring ligament (SL) affects the preoperative presentation of adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) or the outcome of operative reconstruction. The purposes of this study were to assess the preoperative features and pre- or postoperative function of patients who underwent direct operative repair of an SL…
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FAI November 2021 Podcast: Outcomes and Complications of Open vs Posterior Arthroscopic Subtalar Arthrodesis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Multicenter Study
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Open subtalar arthrodesis is the standard treatment for subtalar arthritis. Posterior arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis (PASTA) has recently gained increasing popularity due to a shorter recovery time and better cosmesis. However, studies comparing outcomes and complications between these 2 techniques are limited. In conclusion, both open and PASTA…
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FAI October 2021 Podcast: The Assessment of First Metatarsal Rotation in the Normal Adult Population Using Weightbearing Computed Tomography
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The importance of the rotational profile of the first metatarsal is increasingly recognized in the surgical planning of hallux valgus. However, rotation in the normal population has only been measured in small series. We aimed to identify the normal range of first metatarsal rotation in a large series using weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT).…
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FAI September 2021 Podcast: Weightbearing Radiographs Reliably Predict Normal Ankle Congruence in Weber B/SER2 and 4a Fractures: A Prospective Case-Control Study
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In Weber B/SER2-4 ankle fractures, assessment with weightbearing radiographs to ascertain stability of the ankle mortise has been advised. However, no previous studies report whether this method leads to preservation of normal ankle congruence. The purpose is to evaluate equivalence of ankle congruence of injured ankles after fracture union, vs the…
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FAI August 2021: Allograft Interposition Bone Graft for First Metatarsal Phalangeal Arthrodesis: Salvage After Bone Loss and Shortening of the First Ray
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Previous studies have demonstrated success in using autogenous bone graft for arthrodesis in patients with failed surgeries of the hallux. These patients have several causes for pain and dysfunction preoperatively, including a shortened first ray, nonunion, and poor hallux alignment. In conclusion, the use of an interposition patellar wedge allogra…
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FAI July 2021: Femoral Head Allografts for Talar Body Defects
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Large structural bone deficits after a failed ankle arthroplasty or avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus present a complex reconstruction challenge. The aim of this study was to report the results of patients undergoing an ankle arthrodesis or tibiotalocalcaneal fusion using a femoral head allograft (FHA). In conclusion, the use of FHA to treat ta…
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FAI June 2021: Outcomes and Surgical Strategies of Minimally Invasive Chevron/Akin Procedures
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Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is increasingly being used for bunion correction, but limited patient outcome data have been reported for third-generation minimally invasive chevron/Akin (MICA) techniques. The aim of this study was to report on radiographic outcomes, pain control, satisfaction, learning curve, and complication rates in a consecuti…
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FAI May 2021: Long-term Functional Results of Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Stiff Ankles
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Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is advocated over ankle arthrodesis to preserve ankle motion (ROM). Clinical and gait analysis studies have shown significant improvement after TAA. The role and outcomes of TAA in stiff ankles, which have little motion to be preserved, has been the subject of limited investigation. This investigation evaluated the mi…
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FAI April 2021: Traditional Approach vs Posterior Approach for Ankle Fractures Involving the Posterior Malleolus
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In the past, posterior malleolus fragments (PMFs) commonly have been indirectly reduced and fixed when fragments involve 25% or more of the tibial articular surface, while smaller fragments were left unfixed. The posterior approach has become increasingly popular and allows fixation of even smaller fragments. This study compares clinical outcome fo…
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FAI March 2021: Correlating Arthroscopic and Radiographic Findings of Deep Deltoid Ligament Injuries in Rotational Ankle Fractures
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The deep deltoid ligament (DDL) is a key stabilizer to the medial ankle and ankle mortise and can be disrupted in ligamentous supination external rotation type IV (LSER4) ankle fractures. The purpose of this study was to define the medial clear space (MCS) measurement on injury mortise radiographs that corresponds with complete DDL injury. In concl…
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FAI February 2021: Risk Factors for Complications Associated with Minimally Invasive Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy
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Few studies have reported the outcomes following minimally invasive medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy (MDCO) for correction of pes planovalgus deformities. In conclusion, patients with higher ASA classification, current tobacco use, and higher BMI were at higher risk for osteotomy healing complications after minimally invasive MDCO procedures…
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FAI January 2021: Application of Computerized Adaptive Testing to the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure
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Patient-reported outcome measures are an increasingly important tool for assessing the impact of treatments orthopedic surgeons render. Despite their importance, they can present a burden. We examined the validity and utility of a computerized adaptive testing (CAT) method to reduce the number of questions on the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAA…
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FAI December 2020: Effect of Metformin on Development of Tendinopathy Due to Mechanical Overloading in an Animal Model
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Tendinopathy is a debilitating tendon disorder that affects millions of Americans and costs billions of health care dollars every year. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a known tissue damage signaling molecule, has been identified as a mediator in the development of tendinopathy due to mechanical overloading of tendons in mice. Metformin (Met), a…
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FAI November 2020: Rate of Delayed Union With Early Weightbearing Following Intramedullary Screw Fixation of Jones Fractures
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Jones fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal are predisposed to delayed union and nonunion due to a tenuous blood supply. Solid intramedullary (IM) screw fixation is recommended to improve healing, traditionally followed by delayed weightbearing (DWB). However, early weightbearing (EWB) postoperatively may facilitate functional recovery. The pu…
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FAI October 2020: Comparison of Patients’ and Surgeons’ Expectations in Foot and Ankle Surgery
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Aligning patient and surgeon expectations may improve patient satisfaction and outcomes. This study aimed to assess differences in expectations of foot and ankle surgery between patients and their surgeons. In conclusion, more than two-thirds of patients had significantly higher expectations than their surgeons. Higher BMI was associated with highe…
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FAI September 2020: Comparison Between Polyvinyl Alcohol Implant and Cheilectomy With Moberg Osteotomy for Hallux Rigidus
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In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel implant for the surgical management of hallux rigidus. Though recent studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of the implant, no study has compared outcomes following PVA implantation with those following traditional joint-preserving proc…
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FAI August 2020: Patient Characteristics of Possible Responders and Nonresponders to Total Ankle Arthroplasty
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Characteristics of responders, or those who achieve a clinical improvement above the level of a minimal clinically important difference, have not been defined for total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). The purpose of this study was to determine patient characteristics that distinguish possible responders from possible nonresponders after TAA using criteri…
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FAI July 2020: Comparison of 5-Year Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROMs) of Total Ankle Replacement (TAR) to Total Knee Replacement (TKR) and Total Hip Replacement (THR)
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Total ankle replacement (TAR) is becoming a more common alternative to ankle arthrodesis for the improvement of pain and function in end-stage arthritis of the ankle. The effects of end-stage arthritis of the ankle are similar to those of end-stage hip arthritis. There is a paucity of literature on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) followin…
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FAI June 2020: Effect of Microfracture on Functional Outcomes and Subchondral Sclerosis Following Distraction Arthroplasty of the Ankle Joint
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Treatment for post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) of the ankle remains challenging. Distraction arthroplasty (DA) is an alternative for patients who are averse to or poor candidates for arthrodesis or joint replacement. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of microfracture (MFX) and concentrated bone marrow aspirate (CBMA) on the outc…
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FAI May 2020: Mobility Limitation After Surgery for Degenerative Pathology of the Ankle, Hindfoot, and Midfoot vs Total Hip Arthroplasty
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Surgery for degenerative foot and ankle conditions often results in a lengthy recovery. Current outcome measures do not accurately assess postoperative mobility, especially in older patients. The Life-Space Assessment (LSA), a questionnaire quantifying patients’ mobility after a medical event, was used in this study to assess perioperative mobility…
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FAI April 2020: Return to Weightbearing and High-Impact Activities Following Jones Fracture Intramedullary Screw Fixation
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Although the benefit of primary intramedullary (IM) screw fixation of fifth metatarsal Jones fractures in athletes is clear, limited data support its use in conventional patient populations. This study evaluated radiographic and functional outcomes following primary IM screw fixation in a series of Jones fractures to determine if similar excellent …
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FAI March 2020: Relationship of Preoperative Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) to Postoperative Success in End-Stage Ankle Arthritis
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Ankle osteoarthritis is a significant cause of pain and disability. Despite the effectiveness of treatments, a subset of patients remains with persistent pain and functional limitations. The purpose of this study was to use preoperative patient-reported outcome measures to predict which ankle osteoarthritis patients would be most likely to experien…
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