Learning by William is a podcast that explores the wonders in astronomy, physics, history, and the arts. New episodes post every Saturday at 11 AM EST, 10 AM CST. Subscriptions to listen to exclusive episodes are 49 cents per month. With your subscription, you gain access to all forthcoming "subscriber-only" episodes and prior exclusive episodes. Become a Paid Subscriber: https://anchor.fm/william-gottemoller/subscribe
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What is the James Webb Space Telescope? How Does it Compare to the Hubble Space Telescope?
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The launch window is from 7:20 to 7:52 AM EST on December 25th, 2021! Tune in to see live broadcasts of the launch!!!!
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The Right to Privacy and the Abortion Debate
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We discuss the right to privacy and its basis (Louis Brandeis), the justification for the right, the constitutional basis for abortion in Roe v. Wade, the two arguments regarding abortion (moral and constitutional approaches), along with the doctrines of stare decisis, selective incorporation, the "right to be left alone," substantive due process, …
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COVID-19 New Variant: A Case for "Cautious Optimism" With the Omicron Strain
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The Omicron variant has caused considerable panic recently. Having many more mutations, a greater ability to reinfect, and potentially far more transmissibility, Omicron presents humanity with unprecedented danger. However, some recent developments may give us reason to be optimistic, not profoundly worried. In this episode, we present a speech dis…
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My Profile on Astrobin: https://www.astrobin.com/users/WilliamGott/ Starburst Galaxy (Taken by the President of our Astronomical Society) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/gek830/ Astrophotography - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography Milky Way Image (a Shot I Took) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/be7t7j/ Apochromatic Len…
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What is the History of Literature? - Part 3
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37:58
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For anyone who wants to hear only the information on the third part of the series on the history of literature, please skip to 5:45. The first 5:44 covers a new format this channel will take in the forthcoming months. References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing…
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What is the History of Literature? - Part 2
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References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing
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What is the History of Literature? - Part 1
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36:14
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References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing
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What are the Foundational Concepts of Quantum Mechanics? - Part 2
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References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing
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What are the Foundational Concepts of Quantum Mechanics? - Part 1
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References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing
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What is the History of Modern Art? - Part 2
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32:19
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Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them): https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing I will be taking my first ACT when this episode releases. Wish me luck!
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What is the History of Modern Art? - Part 1
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37:27
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Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them): https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing
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What are the Different Types of Optical Telescopes?
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34:53
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References: Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope Refracting (Refractor) Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope Reflecting (Reflector) Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescope Catadioptric Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptric_system…
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What is the History of European Art From the Medieval Era to the Neoclassical Era? - Part 2
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47:10
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Reference Document: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing
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What is the History of European Art From the Medieval Era to the Neoclassical Era? - Part 1
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Reference Document: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing
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References: General Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity Field Equations - Warwick Department of Physics https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/intranet/pendulum/generalrelativity/ Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle Stress-Energy Tensor - Wikipedia htt…
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What is the History of Art From Prehistory to Antiquity? - Part 3
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As this episode is being published on 9/11, let's all take a moment to appreciate our dauntless first responders, many of whom lost their lives fighting terrorism on that wretched day. Let the pulchritudinous unity following the attacks be a symbol for our nation and our world's unending struggle toward unity. Long list of references that may be us…
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What is the History of Art From Prehistory to Antiquity? - Part 2
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Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing
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What is the History of Art From Prehistory to Antiquity? - Part 1
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28:25
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Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing
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References: Intro. To Kinematics - PhysicsHigh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=198u1x8TBTo Kinematics in the Oxford Dictionary https://www.google.com/search?q=kinematics&rlz=1CAZKSY_enUS959US959&oq=kinematics&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0i271j69i60l3j69i65.1067j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Kinematics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin…
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References: Relativity (Einstein) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity Special Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity Two Postulates of Special Relativity - Lumen Learning https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/28-1-einsteins-postulates/ Lorentz Transformation - Virginia Tech htt…
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What is the International System of Units (SI System)?
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References: International System of Units - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units Metric System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system International Bureau on Weights and Measures - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures Base Unit - Wikipedia https://en.w…
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References: Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy Isolated System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system Time Translation Symmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry Noether’s Theorem -…
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References: Newton’s Laws of Motion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion Inertia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia Galileo’s Law of Inertia (First Law of Motion) - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-inertia Inertial Frame of Reference - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial…
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What is Calculus? - Derivatives, Integrals, and Differential Equations
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Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzyd1UHvjxzz-uwpg/edit?usp=sharing References: Derivative - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative Power Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wi…
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What is Calculus? - Basics, Functions, and Limits
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34:52
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Note: in the episode, William said that e to the power of anything, excluding zero, equals zero. This is obviously not correct, for e^1 ≈ 2.718 Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzy…
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Welcome to Learning by William! I am your host, William Gottemoller, and I am happy to join you on your pursuit of knowledge!
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What is Abstract Algebra? - Rings, Fields, Modules, Lattices, Vector Spaces, Algebras, and Galois Theory
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36:38
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References: Galois Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_theory Commutative Ring - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring Commutative Algebra - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra Commutative Property - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property Noncommutative Ring - Wiki…
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What is Abstract Algebra? - Group Theory and the 196,883-Dimensional "Monster"
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36:19
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References: Abstract Algebra - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra “Group theory, abstraction, and the 196,883-dimensional monster” - 3Blue1Brown https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0oCDa74tE Axiomatic System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_system Axiom - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom Pure Math…
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What are Dark Matter and Dark Energy? Part 2
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References Isotropy of Dark Energy - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/196729/is-dark-energy-homogeneous-and-or-isotropic Quantum Field Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory Energy Density - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density Casimir Effect - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.…
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What are Dark Matter and Dark Energy? Part 1
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References Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe Dark Matter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter Dark Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy Galaxy Rotation Curve - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve Virial Theorem - Wikipedia htt…
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References: Conservation Law - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-law Conservation Law - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_law Noether’s Theorem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass-energy Law of…
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Why do Women do Remarkably Better Than Men in School? Why do Men do Remarkably Better Than Women in the Office?
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References: “Why Girls Beat Boys at School and Lose to Them at the Office” - The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/sunday/girls-school-confidence.html “Why Girls Tend to Get Better Grades Than Boys Do” - The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/09/why-girls-get-better-grades-than-boys-do/380318/ “Girls…
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What is Thermodynamics? What are the Laws of Thermodynamics?
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References: Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics - KhanAcademy https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-energy/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics Latent Heat - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat Heat Capacity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/…
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References: Quantum Chromodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics Strong CP (charge-parity) Problem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark Origin of the Word “Quark” - ScienceFriday https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-wo…
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What is the Hierarchy Problem in Particle Physics?
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Edit: in the episode, the Higgs field is referred to as having a “mass of 250 GeV.” This is NOT correct; 250 GeV refers specifically to the energy of an object, as GeV is an energy, not a mass, scale. References:Hierarchy Problem - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problemHierarchy Problem - Of Particular Significancehttps://profmatt…
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What is the Relativistic Doppler Effect? Why do Distant Galaxies Appear “Redshifted?”
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When gazing into the deep expanse of the universe and finding the distant quasars and galaxies, we notice a particular feature that is commonplace no matter where we look: the further away the galaxy or deep sky object is, the redder, or the longer wavelength, the object appears; it seems that a galaxy like the Andromeda Galaxy is far less red than…
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What is the Speed of Light? What can Travel at the Speed of Light?
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As we, being objects with mass, approach relativistic speeds, our masses continue to increase, and the energy required to propel us continues to increase; once we are near enough to the speed of light, a major mathematical and physical conflict occurs: not only are we now composed of infinite mass, but we also require infinite energy to propel ours…
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How is a Proton Positive and a Neutron Neutral? What are Quarks?
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The atom is most definitely not the smallest particle and most definitely can be broken down into smaller pieces; even the protons and the neutrons that we considered to be fundamental particles in and of themselves can be broken down into smaller particles. In an attempt to open your minds beyond the delusion that the atom cannot be broken down, t…
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What Types of Extreme Stars are There in the Universe?
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References White Dwarf - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White+Dwarf White Dwarf - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf Electron Degeneracy Pressure - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/electron+degeneracy+pressure Pauli Exclusion Principle and Atomic Energy Levels - Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/s…
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What Types of Life Cycle Stars are There?
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Chances are, you have seen the night sky before. Thou looketh to the Heavens: what does thou see? It is likely that one sees a few, or a few thousand, glimmering stars, some shining brighter than others; some orange, red, blue; some massive, some small; some luminous, some dim. It is likely that you have seen at least a somewhat dark night sky some…
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What is Supersymmetry? What is a Sfermion?
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As I was interested in the topic of supersymmetry, I decided to add it to the list of chapter nodes, this one being chapter 26. As I assume is known, today, the concept that is to be understood is the concept of supersymmetry and its role in physics, astronomy, and quantum mechanics. References Supersymmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wik…
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What is Hilbert Space in Mathematics and Quantum Mechanics?
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In this episode, we will be covering Hilbert Space and its importance in quantum mechanics. Please cut me some slack because this topic combines abstract algebra with advanced calculus, both of which I do not know. The history of Hilbert Space and the application of it into quantum mechanics should be simple, but its application and derivation surr…
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From where did we originate? How did we develop highly organized societies and civilizations? From what species did we diverge? What made humans different from their ape relatives and ancestors? What traits about humans are most unique and invigorating? These questions, and many more, will be answered in today’s episode, where we explore the birth …
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In April of 2019, scientists and radio astronomers around the world came together to share the world’s first image of a black hole. In a stunning polynational consortium, radio astronomers from 20 different countries utilized their radio telescopes to image the black hole in the center of Messier 87, the largest object on the entire Messier catalog…
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What is Quantum Entanglement? Spooky Action at a Distance Explained!
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After conducting numerous episodes of astrophysics and quantum mechanics, I feel that I am finally dipping my toes into the ocean of physics that exists right below my nose. I feel that I am finally able to explain, though with a rudimentary understanding of the topic, the pillars of quantum mechanics. I thought I would make this episode to humble …
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For hundreds of thousands of years, humans have stared up at their night sky in spectacular wonder; lined with thousands of stars, some bright, some faint, and 5 particular wanderers we now know as planets, our human ancestors found great indulgence in the night sky. With the beautiful beams of light shining through the night, there exists another,…
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Here is What Astronomers Have Discovered in the Month of January
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In the 21st century, scientists, notably physicists and astronomers, have made exceptional discoveries and exceptional advancements in the field of science. From the discovery of the Higgs Boson to the discovery of the neutrino and a new state of matter, astronomers and physicists alike have made important and outstanding contributions to the scien…
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What is the Standard Model of Particle Physics?
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Last episode, we discussed the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics. The episode got quite deep and interesting, as we delved deeper into some of the more complex topics that plague the great scientific minds of our generation. We made typical mechanical physics, often regarded as one of the most difficult high school classes that exists,…
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What is the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics?
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Physics has always existed as the horrible and confusing class that high school teenagers have to fight to survive through. It has existed as a unanimously difficult class with much room for confusion. Through my own experiences, I have observed that teenagers generally hate physics; they take the class for the credit it provides, but they often ga…
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Authoritarianism is Damaging to the Pursuit of Science and Knowledge- Here are a few Scientists who Stood Their Scientific Ground Against Authoritarianism
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The 20th century was plagued with conflict, disease, and terror, but at the same time, the 20th century flourished with growth. Whether it was the vast increase in population, the development of vaccines and antibiotics, the overthrowal of fascism and communism, or the acceleration to space, the 20th century experienced a level of growth unheard of…
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