Mapping The Doctrine Of Discovery podcast

#Religion #The Doctrine of Discovery Project #Indigenous #Law #Land #Politics #Higher Education #Podcasting Education #History #Native American

1:00:36

Do you have fond childhood memories of summer camp? For a chance at $250,000, campers must compete in a series of summer camp-themed challenges to prove that they are unbeatable, unhateable, and unbreakable. Host Chris Burns is joined by the multi-talented comedian Dana Moon to recap the first five episodes of season one of Battle Camp . Plus, Quori-Tyler (aka QT) joins the podcast to dish on the camp gossip, team dynamics, and the Watson to her Sherlock Holmes. Leave us a voice message at www.speakpipe.com/WeHaveTheReceipts Text us at (929) 487-3621 DM Chris @FatCarrieBradshaw on Instagram Follow We Have The Receipts wherever you listen, so you never miss an episode. Listen to more from Netflix Podcasts.…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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The Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosted by Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation), critically examines the historical and ongoing impacts of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery. Rooted in 15th-century papal edicts, this doctrine provided theological and legal justification for European colonialism, the seizure of Indigenous lands, and the subjugation of non-Christian peoples. The podcast explores how these principles became codified in U.S. law, from Johnson v. M’Intosh (1823) to Sherrill v. Oneida (2005), and continue to underpin contemporary legal, religious, and corporate frameworks. Featuring discussions with scholars, legal experts, and Indigenous leaders, the series sheds light on how this doctrine fuels environmental destruction, economic exploitation, and cultural genocide while also highlighting Indigenous resistance and calls for justice, land restoration, and the repudiation of these colonial structures. https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/

33 episodes

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

updated about a year ago

Series home•Feed

33 episodes

#Religion #The Doctrine of Discovery Project #Indigenous #Law #Land #Politics #Higher Education #Podcasting Education #History #Native American

All episodes

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S05E07: Indigenous Wisdom for Planetary Healing with Yuria Celidwen 48:50

5 weeks ago48:50

48:50

Yuria Celidwen, a Nahua and Maya scholar and UC Berkeley postdoctoral researcher, shares how Indigenous wisdom offers pathways for collective healing beyond colonial mindfulness practices that prioritize individual benefit over community wellbeing. • Identifying as a "truth bearer" from Maya tradition, Celidwen bridges Indigenous epistemologies with academic research • The mindfulness movement has colonial roots, extracting Eastern practices while severing them from community responsibility • Indigenous sciences engage in "intersubjective dialogue" with subjects rather than treating them as inert objects • The doctrine of discovery established belief systems of domination that continue to impact Indigenous peoples • Historical distortions by missionaries and colonists undermined Haudenosaunee matrilineal systems and traditional practices • Indigenous knowledge uses metaphor, poetry, and ceremony to express complex scientific understanding • Young people increasingly recognize the value of Indigenous perspectives in addressing climate emergency • Transformation requires composting old narratives of purity and domination to create new ways of being • We're never alone in this work - we carry ancestral wisdom and plant seeds for future generations Find Yuria Celidwen book " Flourishing Kin: Indigenous Wisdom for Collective Well-Being " to discover Indigenous-inspired practices for reconnecting with the more-than-human world. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S05E06: Rethinking Our Values: Indigenous Values for a Sustainable Future 50:27

13 weeks ago50:27

50:27

This episode explores the vital need for a value change rooted in indigenous perspectives, particularly the teachings of the Haudenosaunee. Listeners are invited to reflect on how our current monetary-driven worldview is unsustainable and how adopting a more relational and respectful way of interacting with the Earth can pave the way for a more sustainable future. Themes • Discussion of the urgency of changing our economic values • Insights from the Haudenosaunee about the interconnectedness of life • Historical context of the "Basic Call to Consciousness" • Exploration of leadership through indigenous philosophies • Introduction of the Rights of Nature movement • Presentation of the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth • Importance of decolonizing narratives and changing perspectives • Emphasis on our responsibility and connection to the Earth • Reflection on the positive potential in adopting indigenous values If you liked this episode, please check out our website at podcastdoctrineofdiscovery.org for more information and, if you like this episode, review it on Apple, Spotify, or wherever you listen to podcasts. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S05E05: Reimagining Legal Frameworks: Protecting Native American Sacred Sites and Sovereignty 1:17:01

14 weeks ago1:17:01

1:17:01

What if the key to protecting Native American sacred sites lies not within the confines of existing religious freedom laws, but in a reimagined legal strategy? Join us as we engage with Michael McNally, the insightful author of "Defend the Sacred: Native American Religious Freedom Beyond the First Amendment." Together, we unravel the complexities of how religious language, despite its colonial roots, can be harnessed to uphold Native American rights. Drawing on the American Indian Religious Freedom Act and the pivotal work of advocates like Suzanne Schoenharjo, McNally suggests a more adaptable interpretation of these laws that could empower Native communities and fortify their battles for sacred land protection. Our discussion takes a profound turn as we examine indigenous treaties and their deeper meanings beyond financial arrangements. By highlighting the Dakota, Lakota, and Little Traverse Band of Odawa lands, we recognize these treaties as living expressions of an inherent bond with nature, advocating for a paradigm shift from ownership to stewardship. The episode delves into the Doctrine of Discovery, inviting indigenous voices to reshape the narrative and affirm the interconnectedness of all life. Through these conversations, we seek to bridge legal frameworks with universal principles, aiming for a holistic appreciation of indigenous perspectives. The exploration doesn't stop there; we navigate the enduring impact of colonial legacies on Native sovereignty and governance. From the contentious history of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the inspiring traditional governance of nations like the Onondaga, we uncover stories of resilience and hope. As we touch on legal resistance, landmark cases, and international law strategies like the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, we emphasize the persistent struggle and triumph of Native nations. With reflections on contemporary resistance movements and the challenges of safeguarding sacred land, the discussion is both a testament to Native perseverance and a call to honor their enduring wisdom. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S05E04: Unveiling the Doctrine of Discovery: Historical Injustice and Pathways to Healing 53:17

25 weeks ago53:17

53:17

Uncover the often overlooked yet deeply influential Doctrine of Discovery with us, as we bring political science instructor and former Congressional candidate Steve Schwartzberg to the table. Join us to explore how this doctrine, woven into the fabric of U.S. history, continues to impact Indigenous peoples today. Steve shares his insights, drawing from influential thinkers like Steve Newcomb and Peter Dorico, to expose the historical context and the enduring injustices perpetuated by figures such as Chief Justice John Marshall. We also shine a light on Steve's 2018 Congressional campaign and his advocacy for crucial issues like Medicare for All and tribal sovereignty, providing an intimate glimpse into his motivations and vision for change. We navigate the complex interplay between Christian theology and Indigenous rights, challenging the exclusionary practices rooted in the Doctrine of Discovery. By examining historical figures like Sepulveda, we reveal how religious rhetoric has been manipulated to justify oppression and violence. Our conversation is enriched by Indigenous perspectives on divinity and interconnectedness, offering a powerful counter-narrative to hierarchical religious constructs. This exploration invites listeners to reassess the impact of these doctrines on modern secular hierarchies and nationalism, urging a critical examination of the legacies that shape our world today. In a poignant conclusion, we turn to the transformative power of grief, inspired by the Onondaga Nation's practices. Embracing grief as a pathway to healing, we discuss how acknowledging historical injustices can foster genuine relationships and understanding. The episode culminates in a reflection on the manipulation of history and the enduring myths surrounding figures like Columbus, highlighting the necessity of moving from guilt to love and interconnectedness. Through these rich discussions, we invite you to confront historical injustices and explore pathways to reconciliation, offering hope for a more inclusive and understanding future. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S05E03 Reclaiming Faith: Dismantling White Christian Supremacy and Healing Through Indigenous Spirituality 1:11:04

25 weeks ago1:11:04

1:11:04

What if the very religion that oppressed your ancestors could also be your path to liberation? Join us as we engage with Soulforce's representatives—Reverend Alba Onofrio, Nadia Arellano, and Karina Vargas—in a powerful conversation about dismantling white Christian supremacy and Christian nationalism. We share insights from a recent gathering at Syracuse University, highlighting the crucial role of community and continuous dialogue in tackling these urgent issues. Our journey doesn't stop there. We explore the intricate relationship between Christianity and Indigenous spirituality, examining how faith, once a tool of colonialism, can now be reclaimed for healing and empowerment. I, a queer Christian minister immersed in earth-based healing practices, share my personal reconciliation with Christianity's historical harms. Together, we dissect the Doctrine of Discovery and its ongoing impact, addressing the spiritual violence perpetuated by religious institutions and the generational trauma that still lingers. We also shed light on efforts to reclaim Indigenous food and healing practices as acts of resistance against Christian supremacy. By reconnecting with our ancestral ways through conscious choices and daily acts of disobedience, we find paths to wholeness and cultural reclamation. Discover how movements like eco-spirituality and feminist theology are paving the way for a more inclusive and respectful approach to spirituality, honoring the diverse traditions that shape our world. Join us for this enlightening episode and uncover how we can collectively heal and dismantle oppressive systems. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S05E02: Exploring the Legacy of Vine Deloria Jr. on Native American Thought with Philip Deloria 1:17:47

34 weeks ago1:17:47

1:17:47

Discover the transformative power of Native American thought and religious studies in our conversation with the esteemed Philip Deloria. Learn about the profound legacy of Vine Deloria Jr., whose influential works like God is Red have shaped the academic and theological landscapes. As we uncover the Deloria family's rich heritage of Indigenous advocacy, you'll gain a deeper understanding of how these experiences have informed their unique contributions to theology and Native American Studies. Explore the intricate dynamics between Native American communities and Christianity as we reflect on Vine Deloria Jr.'s provocative texts Custer Died for Your Sins and his subsequent disillusionment with Christianity that led to God Is Red . Through these discussions, we highlight the enduring impact of colonialism and the resurgence of indigenous practices in contemporary Native life. Unpack the unsettling phenomenon of "playing Indian" in both American and European contexts, exploring historical and contemporary examples from the Boston Tea Party to modern New Age movements. We also discuss the critical role of oral tradition and indigenous knowledge, emphasizing their dynamic nature. This episode provides valuable insights into the current trends in Native Studies, the intersection of indigenous rights with modern political movements, and the transformative potential of indigenous sovereignty and diplomacy. Join us for a thought-provoking and enlightening discussion with Philip Deloria. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S05E01: Bridging History and Today: Religion, Law, and Indigenous Influences in American Democracy with Winifred Sullivan 54:51

37 weeks ago54:51

54:51

How have universities become the focal point of inclusive religious dialogue? Join us for a captivating episode as we converse with Winifred Sullivan, a professor at Indiana University, who brings a wealth of experience from her dual careers in law and academia. Learn about her pivotal role at the Center for Religion and the Human, where diverse voices collaborate on addressing contemporary issues such as climate change, political conflicts, and technological advancements. Sullivan underscores the importance of public universities as venues fostering robust discussions on religion and its intersection with today’s most pressing challenges. Travel back in time with us as we unravel the complex history of religious freedom in the United States. Our exploration starts from the inception of the Constitution and its evolution through the Bill of Rights and the Reconstruction Amendments. We delve into James Madison’s evolving views on federal power and citizen rights, leading to the 20th-century incorporation doctrine that transformed state governance. This legal journey is intricately tied to America’s religious diversity, highlighting pivotal cases like Johnson v. McIntosh and the doctrine of discovery’s enduring influence. In our deep dive into indigenous influences on democracy, we spotlight the Haudenosaunee Confederacy’s profound impact on Western democratic models. Discover how early recognition of Native American nations shaped governance and treaties, and how these indigenous roots resonate in today’s interpretation of religion in public life. We also reflect on the tragic self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell and its implications for understanding radical dissent. Rounding off the episode, we examine Joan of Arc’s political theology and the significant, yet often overlooked, contributions of the Haudenosaunee to American democracy, showcased in the Smithsonian’s "Voices and Votes" exhibit. This episode promises an enriching narrative that bridges historical insights with contemporary relevance. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S04E06: Unveiling Histories: Colonialism, Faith, and Identity in the Americas with João Chaves 1:08:46

1 year ago1:08:46

1:08:46

Embark on a profound historical exploration with João Chaves, Assistant Professor at Baylor University, as we uncover the lasting effects of the Doctrine of Discovery and its legacy of colonialism, faith, and power struggles in the Americas. Our conversation traverses from the Portuguese conquest and the influx of Confederate exiles post-American Civil War to the development of Brazilian Protestantism. Chaves' expertise illuminates the complexities of property rights and racial hierarchies that continue to shape Latin American religious and social dynamics, offering a rare lens into the past that still echoes today. As we discuss the unique challenges faced by Brazilian Baptists migrating to the United States, we uncover the reshaping of identities and ideologies in the shadow of the Southern Baptist Convention. Identity conflicts, the role of local converts, and the navigation through Christian nationalism, all contribute to a vibrant tapestry of faith and community. Chavez guides us through the intersection of theology and justice as these communities grapple with immigration issues and ethnic solidarity, revealing how deep-rooted beliefs can both hinder and empower transformation within these religious enclaves. The episode culminates in a critical examination of the intertwining of racism, Christianity, and capitalism—forces that have shaped the modern world, with a spotlight on Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro's 'pan-Christian' leadership. We then pivot to Baylor University's own introspection into its historical narratives, highlighting the Commission for Historical Campus Representations' work toward truth and academic freedom. The personal stories Antonia Teixeira serve as a somber reminder of how the quest for institutional goodness often clashes with the painful realities of our shared history. Join us as we navigate these sensitive landscapes, striving for a deeper understanding of where we've been, and where we might go from here. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S04E05: Rekindling Culture and Healing History: A Dialogue on Decolonization and Indigenous Land Connection 1:03:50

1 year ago1:03:50

1:03:50

Embark on a profound exploration with us as S. Lily Mendoza and Jim Perkinson take us through the winding paths of decolonization and the urgent quest to reconnect with the land. They illuminate the suppressed histories and indigenous cultures that beckon us to re-evaluate the civilizational narratives we've long been fed. Witness how the act of returning land plays a crucial role in healing the historic wounds inflicted upon native communities, especially around Detroit, and join our conversation as we acknowledge our collective responsibility to this shared history. Our journey doesn't stop at intellectual discourse; we immerse ourselves in the spiritual bonds that indigenous cultures, like the Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee, share with nature. These traditions, which treat water as a sacred entity and embrace radical diversity, inspire us to reflect on our own cultural roots and the devastating impact of colonization. Their experiences of cultural rediscovery, alongside the tragic loss of indigenous languages in places like the Philippines, serve as a vivid reminder of the rich cultural diversity that we need to preserve and celebrate. Navigating the complexities of Christianity's history, we grapple with its darker legacy of violence and the rise of white nationalism. This includes a critical look at how institutions, such as the prison industrial complex, perpetuate racial injustice, and economic exploitation. We honor the resistance that has emerged from within religious traditions, highlighting the courageous alignment with indigenous peoples against imperialistic forces. Our dialogue, enriched by the Henry Luce Foundation, Syracuse University, Hendricks Chapel, and the Indigenous Values Initiative, underscores the vital collaboration between indigenous wisdom and academic research, aiming to foster a better understanding and respect for the myriad of perspectives that shape our world. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S04E04: Reckoning with the Legacy of Colonization: A Dialogue on Native American Erasure and Resilience with Tink Tinker 58:33

1 year ago58:33

58:33

This week on the podcast, we have Professor Tink Tinker, a luminary in Native American Studies. In this episode, he tells of the heart-wrenching legacy of Christian colonization on Indigenous communities. Our conversation probes deep into the cultural chasm between the collective ethos of American Indian traditions and the individualistic dogma of Christian salvation. As we unravel the tapestry of Native American identities erased by historical forces, we also confront the ongoing struggle to reclaim and honor the suppressed narratives both in America and the remnants of indigenous Europe. Venture into the realm of representation with us, where Hollywood's glitz often eclipses the true stories of Native peoples. We critique the portrayal of the Osage in recent cinematic adaptations, where the pain of Indigenous experiences vies with the allure of star-studded performances. Shining a light on the experiences of Indigenous academics like Tinker, we reflect on the pivotal role community engagement and historical acknowledgment play in shaping a more honest academic discourse, particularly in the commemoration of tragedies such as the Sand Creek Massacre. As we draw this powerful dialogue to a close, we discuss the powerful transformation of the Living Waters Indian Episcopal Mission into Four Winds—a testament to cultural resilience and revival. This also serves as an example of how churches can participate in #landback. We conclude by discussing the atrocities committed under the Doctrine of Discovery and the palpable hauntings of Iliff’s history, revealing the imperative for institutions to confront and address past transgressions. The pursuit of restitution and healing is a profound thread that weaves through the episode, reminding us of the enduring and dynamic work that lies ahead for Indigenous academics and activists. Join us in embracing these narratives of remembrance and the vital recognition of their ongoing journey. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S04E03: Reclaiming Sacred Ground: Indigenous Sovereignty, Environmental Wisdom, and the Path to Restorative Justice with Patrick Gonzalez-Rogers 46:07

1 year ago46:07

46:07

Discover the lingering shadows of the Doctrine of Discovery as we journey through the historical and modern challenges Indigenous nations face, particularly in safeguarding sacred sites like Bears Ears. Joined by Patrick Gonzalez-Rogers of the Yale School of Environment, Philip P. Arnold Arnold from the Skä•noñh Great Law Peace Center, and Sandy Bigtree of the Mohawk Nation, we unearth the cultural significance these lands hold and the urgency for conservation efforts that honor Indigenous spirituality and sovereignty. Our conversation reveals the depths of exploitation that persist while advocating for policies that truly respect the voices and rights of Native American communities. Embrace a future where humanity and nature coexist in harmony as we draw upon the wisdom of Indigenous environmental stewardship. By acknowledging the interconnectedness of all life, we challenge the prevailing narrative of human dominance over the natural world. Delving into traditional ecological knowledge, we discuss how reshaping our environmental laws and policies through Indigenous perspectives can lead to sustainable solutions that cherish the Earth for future inhabitants. Our discourse, informed by the richness of Native American philosophies, paints a vision of resource management that nurtures rather than depletes. In the spirit of healing and justice, we examine the transformative potential of restorative justice and land reparations in mending the wounds left by centuries of colonial policies. We highlight the importance of concrete measures, like land return by religious denominations, as steps towards genuine restitution for Indigenous communities. Our dialogue with historians, attorneys, and thought leaders at Yale opens up discussions on legal and political strategies for righting historical wrongs. As we share insights from conversations with bishops, we sense an emerging willingness to turn apologies into action—signaling a hopeful shift toward reconciliation and balance. Join us as we honor these crucial narratives and the pursuit of a more equitable future. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S04E02: Exploring the American Religious Tapestry: From Civil Religion to Secularism and the Impact of the January 6th Insurrection with Joel Harrison 53:59

1 year ago53:59

53:59

Embark on a profound journey through the tapestry of American religious history with Joel Harrison, associate professor of religion, and his sharp students, Jason Armstrong and Christian Oppenhagen. Together, we unravel the complex narratives of civil religion and secularism, with a particular lens on the interplay of race and religion since the colonial era. Our conversation pivots around Joel's innovative teaching methods, as he leverages the January 6th insurrection as a vivid case study in his Religion 100 course at Northern Virginia Community College, engaging students with the pressing relevance of historical events in shaping today's religious and political landscapes. Witness firsthand the transformative power of academic discourse as it escapes the confines of lecture halls and influences the broader world. The Doctrine of Discovery conference epitomizes scholarship's potency in initiating societal reflection and change, a revelation deeply felt by attendees like Jason. The connections forged among participants of various backgrounds underscore the role of academia in facilitating a collective confrontation with our intricate historical legacies. These moments serve as catalysts for personal growth and cultural respect, sparking an appreciation for the diverse tapestry that is our shared human experience. Finally, we navigate the profound relationship between land, heritage, and identity, acknowledging the stark repercussions of European conquest on indigenous communities. Chris shares his enlightening experiences from the conference, inspiring a broader discussion on the primacy of land identity within indigenous culture and the importance of understanding our ancestral ties. Through this revelation, we are reminded of the enduring significance of our roots and the narrative of who we are, ensuring the past is not merely history—but a compass that guides our ongoing quest for understanding and empathy. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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Unearthing the Foundations: Examining Native American Legal Battles and the Doctrine of Discovery with Peter d'Errico, Steven T. Newcomb, and Joseph J. Heath 1:00:27

1 year ago1:00:27

1:00:27

Discover the overlooked truths of Native American legal struggles and examine the enduring impact of the Doctrine of Discovery with our esteemed guests Peter d'Errico, Steven T. Newcomb, and Joseph J. Heath. This episode promises to enhance your understanding of Native American representation in law and the historical decisions that shape their rights today. Prepare to have your perspective on federal anti-Indian law and the ramifications of the Marshall Trilogy thoroughly expanded by our panel's wealth of expertise. Our conversation navigates the powerful role language plays in framing indigenous existence against the backdrop of colonization and Western narratives. We dissect the intentional metaphors by historical figures to assert control and critique the mainstream media's failure to challenge the systemic dominations at play. This episode is a clarion call for awareness, urging a collective shift towards acknowledging the historical and spiritual significance of land to Indigenous peoples, and their ongoing efforts to heal and decolonize. Toward the close, we scrutinize the landmark McGirt decision and its effects on indigenous land rights, noting the absence of "plenary power" in Justice Gorsuch's opinion. The discussion points to the embedded racism and religious supremacy in the Lone Wolf decision of 1903, echoing Justice Clarence Thomas's skepticism of US sovereignty over Native lands. We cap off our exploration by delving into the implications of US citizenship on indigenous identity and the potential empowerment through citizenship of an Indian nation. Join us for a thought-provoking journey through the intricate intersection of law, sovereignty, and identity within Native American communities. *** This panel was recorded at the The Religious Origins of White Supremacy: Johnson v. M'Intosh and the Doctrine of Christian Discovery conference. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S03E06: Exploring the Cultural, Historical, and Culinary Significance of Chilis with Victor Valle 1:25:54

1 year ago1:25:54

1:25:54

Ready to put your culinary curiosity to the test? Brace yourself as we journey through a world where fire and chili are more than just ingredients; they're centuries-old metaphors that have shaped cultural identities. We're joined by our distinguished guest, Victor Valle, the mind behind " The Poetics of Fire: Metaphors of Chili Eating in the Borderlands ," to give you a taste of the aesthetics of Mexican cuisine, the metaphors that shape it, and its intriguing genesis. Join us as we go beyond the borderlands and into the heart of Mesoamerican medicine, the doctrine of discovery, chili domestication, and how all of these elements intertwine to create a beautiful and thought-provoking narrative. We peel back layers of history, revealing the transformative power of chili from its humble beginnings in the mountains of Mixtec and Zapotec to its place on your dinner table today. Tune in as we explore the complex relationship between land, culture, and violence and why chili, a simple ingredient, became a symbol of struggle and identity. But that's not all! We also tap into the world of journalism, activism, and immigration, as seen through the eyes of a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist. We discuss the role of borders in shaping labor prices, the power of journalism in exposing societal issues, and the lasting impact of the Chicano movement. As we wrap things up, we'll take you behind the scenes of our podcast, providing you with a glimpse of the partnerships that make our conversations possible. So, buckle up for an enlightening journey that redefines how you see culture, cuisine, and chili. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S03E05: Land is Kin: Indigenous Rights and Sovereignty with Dana Lloyd 55:50

1 year ago55:50

55:50

Have you ever wondered what it truly means for land to be sacred? Join us on a thought-provoking exploration with Dr. Dana Lloyd, author of "Land is Kin: Sovereignty, Religious Freedom, and Indigenous Sacred Sites." A Tel Aviv native raised on Palestinian land, Dr. Lloyd brings an exceptional perspective to draw parallels between the settler colonial contexts of Israel-Palestine and the United States. We dive into the intricate concept of land as sacred, the enduring struggle for indigenous rights, and the pivotal Ling case's profound impact on indigenous and settler law. As we navigate this engrossing journey, the intersection of environmentalism and indigenous rights comes to light, specifically through the lens of the concept of wilderness. Prepare to challenge your perceptions as we compare the indigenous perspective of land as a gift of life with the colonizers' view of domination and extraction. The conversation deepens as we explore the tension between indigenous sovereignty, religion, and property law - a tension which unravels throughout history and contemporary court cases alike, including the case of Ling. The final part of our discussion welcomes a member of the Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania, who shares the compelling story of colonization on Lenape land and unpacks the rigors of the doctrine of discovery. We tackle the complex realities of genocide, settler colonialism, and indigenous sovereignty that echo in Native American history and current struggles. With a deeper understanding of these complexities, we hope to inspire listeners to further engage with the narrative of indigenous rights and sovereignty. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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Episode 02: The Doctrine Of Christian Discovery As An Ideological And Legal Framework With Steven T. Newcomb 57:34

3 years ago57:34

57:34

In this episode of the podcast Steven T. Newcomb (Shawnee/Lenape) emphasizes that what undergirds the Doctrine of Discovery is a Christian theological logic of domination and dehumanization. This theological rationale creates a system of domination. In order to understand this theory of domination and dehumanization Newcomb argues it is insufficient to look only at the law and theological dimensions we must also look at the rhetorical and cognitive dimensions of this system of domination. Transcript and show notes are available on podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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Episode 01: The Legal Framework of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery in Practice 1:11:22

3 years ago1:11:22

1:11:22

In this week's episode our hosts talk with Onondaga Nation General counsel Joe Heath. They discuss how The Doctrine of Discovery is an excuse for colonialism. It is European white Christian colonialism which has inflicted white Christian supremacy all over the globe . Some key topics for the episode are: plenary power, Sullivan Clinton, Erie Canal, landback and more. For a transcript and show notes visit: https://podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org/ Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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Introduction to Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery Podcast 1:03:47

3 years ago1:03:47

1:03:47

To begin mapping The Doctrine of Discovery our hosts start by discussing the iconic, Christopher Columbus. A man who literally embodies the Doctrine of Discovery. His voyage was funded by the Roman Catholic Church and the Crowns of Europe. A series of papal bulls provided the theological and legal justifications for the European settler-colonizers to feel comfortable participating in Enslavement, Exploitation, and Extraction (Steven T. Newcomb’s Pagans in the Promised Land helps to explain this helpful summary of the Papal Bulls). Visit: podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org for show notes and transcript. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S03E04: Beekeeping, Mushrooms and Sculptures: A Glimpse into Traditional Lithuanian Life 56:11

1 year ago56:11

56:11

Ever wondered how the Baltic region's indigenous religious traditions have evolved over the centuries? Join us in conversation with our esteemed guest, Eglute Trinkauskaite, a faculty member at Maryland Institute College of Art, who offers a deep dive into the rich history and culture of post-Soviet Lithuania. Eglute's extensive studies illuminate the primary sources of Baltic religion, unmasking the true meaning of "paganism" and taking us on a fascinating journey from the age-old oral traditions to the Christianization process that shook the region's matrilineal societies. Our exploration doesn't stop there; we weave through Lithuania's unique mushroom and bee traditions, revealing the spiritual aspects that remain engrained in the country's psyche. Agluta shares personal experiences from her grandfather's beekeeping tradition and the unique wooden sculptures of Jesus, known locally as Rupin Torielos. The conversation takes a nostalgic turn as we discover the intimate connection between these traditions and pre-colonial relatives, creating a vivid picture. Lastly, we grapple with the impact and potential repercussions of our Indigenous Culture Seminar presentation to the local Lithuanian community. We reflect on the resurgence of religious traditions since Lithuania's independence in 1991, and the challenges it faces in the modern era. This episode, packed with insights and revelations, explores ancient Baltic religion, its history, and its influence on today's Lithuania. Join us for this enlightening journey, and discover a different world that has stood the test of time. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S03E03: Indigenous Advocacy and Climate Change: A Conversation with Evie Reyes-Aguirre 51:22

1 year ago51:22

51:22

Today we're privileged to converse with Eve Reyes-Aguirre, an Izkaloteka Azteca Indigenous woman, who has passionately dedicated over 25 years of her life advocating for human rights, women's rights, Indigenous peoples rights, and environmental rights. Eve, a fervent advocate, has a wealth of experience from her time at Tonotierra, an embassy for Indigenous peoples, which she shares with us. She also provides us with a deeper understanding of the Doctrine of Discovery while explaining Tonatierra's mission to dismantle its harmful effects. Eve takes us through her experiences as she navigates the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, sharing strategies with Indigenous nations globally. With her first-hand experience, she elucidates the impact of forced displacement on Indigenous peoples and the lingering trauma of colonialism. She brings to light the grassroots advocacy work by Tonatierra in Arizona, which extends to assisting Indigenous farm workers and championing for Indigenous food sovereignty. As we wrap up our enlightening conversation, Eve shares profound insights on the influence of settler colonialism on both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. She underscores the importance of understanding false climate solutions that only serve to displace Indigenous peoples further. Eve leaves us with an understanding of our spiritual connection to the land and how this connection can inform our collective fight against climate change. This engaging conversation is not to be missed, as it sheds light on Indigenous advocacy, identity, and climate change in a manner never before heard. We dedicate this episode to the memory of our dear friend and founder of Tonaiterra, Tupak Huehuecoyotl (Tupac Enrique Acosta) who has recently joined the ancestors. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S03E02: White Evangelical Racism and Its Influence on American Politics an Interview with Anthea Butler 29:51

2 years ago29:51

29:51

In this episode of the Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery podcast, hosts Phil Arnold and Sandy Bigtree interview Anthea Butler , The Geraldine R. Segal Professor in American Social Thought and Chair of Religious Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. They discuss the role of evangelical Christians in manipulating voting structures and policies, as well as the connection between evangelicalism and racism. Butler explains that evangelicals often use morality as a shield to impose their own beliefs on others rather than living by those beliefs themselves. She also discusses the evangelical desire to bring about the Kingdom of God on Earth and their opposition to government intervention. The conversation touches on the history of evangelicalism, the influence of whiteness, and the need to challenge dominant narratives through civic engagement and education. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S03E01- The Hidden Roots of White Supremacy and the Doctrine of Christian Discovery an interview with Robert P. Jones 52:06

2 years ago52:06

52:06

We begin this season with a gripping conversation with Robert P Jones, founder and president of the Public Religion Research Institute. Together, we continue to highlight the layers of American history, challenging familiar narratives and revealing Indigenous, Haudensoaunee, influences. Jones takes us on a personal journey into his own evolution as a scholar, sharing how being honest about his family's connection to the settler colonialism project has informed his work and opened it to a wider audience. Our discussion delves into the interconnected histories of Indigenous and Black communities, the Doctrine of Discovery, and the 1619 project, peering into the complex relationships between colonists and Indigenous peoples. We shed light on the teachings of Native Americans to the founding fathers and Europeans about equity, fraternity, and liberty—a fresh perspective on American history—while discussing the narrative shift towards Indigenous People's Day instead of Columbus Day. But it's not just about rewriting history; it's about understanding the power of truth-telling from various perspectives. We highlight communities in Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Minnesota, who are using storytelling to bring alive their local histories and spotlight Jerome Little, the first African-American elected county commissioner in Tallahatchie County. The conversation also acknowledges the influence of writers like James Baldwin and Vine Deloria Jr. We would be remiss not to praise Robbie's New York Times bestselling book, 'Roots of White Supremacy and the Path to a Shared American Future', which captures this ethos of understanding and rewriting history through personal narratives. Get ready to challenge what you think you know. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E08: Exploring the Doctrine of Discovery, Indigenous Struggles, and the Pursuit of Balance Part 2 with Oren Lyons 1:02:04

2 years ago1:02:04

1:02:04

Imagine facing a past rooted in subjugation and suppression, only to transform it into a future of balance, peace, and environmental preservation. That's the journey we're embarking on in today's episode. We'll uncover the dark legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery and its devastating effects on our environment while also revealing the relentless struggle of Indigenous people to reclaim their sovereignty and voices. The situation is urgent; our planet is at a crossroads, teetering on the precipice of an irrevocable environmental crisis. Examining the Doctrine of Discovery in the 18th century, Onondaga Nation Turtle Clan Faithkeeper Oren Lyons discusses the alliances, betrayals and political maneuvers by the settler-colonial nations. He also talks about controversial Indigenous figures like Joseph Brant, who sided with the British, and how the Oneida took the side of the Americans. These examples will serve as a backdrop for Washington's Sullivan Clinton Campaign, which was ignited by Joseph Brandt's actions. Lastly, the conversation turns toward life's delicate balance. Drawing inspiration from the Great Law of Peace and the Tree of Peace, Faithkeeper Lyons reminds us that all living beings must live in harmony, and none are better. Listen to Faithkeeper Lyons weaves stories of finding a balance between the positive and negative forces within us, the importance of savoring each day, giving thanks, and being careful not to burden others. Faithkeeper Lyons leaves us with a challenge, that getting the best out of the day is a choice, and so is seeking peace in life's tumultuous journey. This episode is more than just a history lesson; it's an invitation to find a balance in life and to contemplate our roles in nature's delicate balance. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E07: Exploring the Doctrine of Discovery, Indigenous Struggles, and the Pursuit of Balance Part 1 with Oren Lyons 1:04:09

2 years ago1:04:09

1:04:09

This episode is an engaging conversation with Onondaga Nation Turtle Clan Faithkeeper Oren Lyons, a stalwart in Indigenous, environmental, and human rights initiatives. We traverse the terrain of Indigenous rights, the Doctrine of Discovery, and The Haudenosaunee's pivotal role at the United Nations. Faithkeeper Lyons tells the story of several pivotal collaborations for Indigenous rights. He navigates us through the terrain of his personal struggles and the impactful moments in the fight for Indigenous rights. One such moment we delve into is the occupation of Alcatraz Island and the acts of courage that illuminated the path for future struggles. As we dig deeper, Faithkeeper Lyons opens up about his efforts toward Indigenous rights legislation and the numerous events he helped organize. His journey, fueled by the unwavering support from traditional Indigenous leaders, is a testament to resilience. You'll be left with a profound understanding of Indigenous struggles and the lasting impact of the Doctrine of Discovery. Tune in for an enlightening and thought-provoking episode with Oren Lyons. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E06: Reimagining Religion: On Connectivity and Unity with Brian Konkol 1:00:23

2 years ago1:00:23

1:00:23

Get ready for an enlightening journey as we chat with our guest, Rev. Dr. Brian Konkol , Dean of Hendricks Chapel at Syracuse University and professor of practice. Konkol brings a fresh perspective to the table, shaped by his global experiences. His intriguing insights on religion's potential for connectivity and unity, rather than division, bring a sense of hope and renewal in a world overrun by crisis and conflict. Are you ready to explore the paradoxes within Christianity? Konkol encourages Christians to confront their past, acknowledging the injustices ingrained within the religious tradition. Yet, he also guides us on how to navigate toward a more reconciled future. We explore the difference between dominant Christian values and Indigenous values, shedding light on the earth's sacredness and the significance of its life support systems. Our conversation also touches on the destructive consequences of colonization on Indigenous communities and the ongoing efforts to mend the rifts caused by it. The episode concludes with a thought-provoking discussion on the tension between Indigenous values and Christian theology. Our dialogue challenges the norms, questioning how Christian theology can learn from the matrilineal Indigenous peoples and Mother Earth. Join us for this episode as we take a step towards understanding, acceptance, and a reimagined view of our world. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E05: Dissecting the Doctrine of Discovery: Indigenous Rights, White Supremacy, and the United Nations with Betty Lyons 1:01:21

2 years ago1:01:21

1:01:21

Get ready to embark on a thought-provoking journey with Betty Lyons, the Executive Director of the American Indian Law Alliance . As we dissect the unsettling complacency surrounding the Doctrine of Discovery and the destruction it has caused among Indigenous Peoples, prepare to be challenged and enlightened. We delve into the deeply ingrained hierarchy that continues to perpetuate inequality and injustice, questioning how we can dismantle this structure that so significantly benefits those in power. Transitioning our focus, we turn to the pivotal role Indigenous Peoples play in environmental conservation, celebrating the richness and diversity of cultures, languages, and traditions encapsulated within these communities. We confront the troubling implications of the Doctrine of Discovery and argue why the existing United Nations Declaration on Human Rights fails to address these issues sufficiently. Our discussion unfolds to encompass the broader issue of white supremacy and the need for more inclusive education. Join us in challenging the fear and fascism perpetuated by politicians and the scapegoating tactics employed by the one-percenters. Our conversation culminates in exploring the interactions between Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations member states, spotlighting the pervasive issue of commodification and its devastating impact on Indigenous lands and resources. Betty and I also scrutinize the commodification of the world, its roots in colonialism, and the role of multinational corporations in exploiting Indigenous rights for financial gain. Prepare to engage, learn, and be inspired to take action as we unravel these compelling topics, encouraging a more understanding and inclusive world. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E04 - The Doctrine of Discovery In The Social Psyche with Tina Ngata 1:20:54

2 years ago1:20:54

1:20:54

We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement . Our hosts Prof. Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation) , begin by introducing our guest Tina Ngata (Māori Nation). She is a Ngāti Porou mother of two from the East Coast of Te Ika a Maui. Her work involves advocacy for environmental, Indigenous, and human rights. She is internationally known for her work on anti-racism and anti-imperialism. Recently she spoke on Christian Domination at a side event of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous issues. This episode is dedicated to the memory and legacy of the work done by Nagata’s mentor Pāpā Moana Jackson . Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E03 - Johnson v M'intosh and Federal Anti-Indian Law with Peter d'Errico 1:21:33

2 years ago1:21:33

1:21:33

We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement . Our hosts Prof. Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation) , begin by introducing our guest Peter d’Errico . He is Professor Emeritus of Legal Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He is a regular blogger and frequent guest on the Red Thought series. Most recently, he is the author of Federal Anti-Indian Law: The Legal Entrapment of Indigenous People (New York: Bloomsbury, 2022). He is a member of the New Mexico Bar and was a staff attorney at the Diné Legal Services. He has litigated indigenous land claims, fishing rights, and native spiritual freedom rights in prisons. He regularly presents online seminars about Indigenous peoples' legal issues at redthought.org and elsewhere, including National Endowment for the Humanities and summer Institutes for Teachers on teaching Native American histories. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E02 – The International Dimensions of Johnson v. M’Intosh with Robert J. Miller 1:02:09

2 years ago1:02:09

1:02:09

We begin this episode with a land acknowledgment . Our hosts Prof. Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation) , start by introducing our guest Robert J. Miller . He is a Professor of Law at the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University, where is also the Willard H. Pedrick Distinguished Research Scholar and Director of the Rosette LLP American Indian Economic Development Program. He is an enrolled citizen of the Eastern Shawnee Tribe, the Interim Chief Justice for the Pascua Yaqui Tribe Court of Appeals and sits as a judge for other tribes. He is the author and co-author of numerous books, including, A Promise Kept: The Muscogee (Creek) Nation and McGirt v. Oklahoma (University of Oklahoma Press, 2022) (co-author); Creating Private Sector Economies in Native America: Sustainable Development through Entrepreneurship (Cambridge University Press, 2019), Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies (Oxford University Press 2010), Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny (University of Nebraska Press, 2008). Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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S02E01 – The Backstory of Johnson v. M’Intosh with Lindsay Robertson 49:56

2 years ago49:56

49:56

We begin this episode with a land acknowledgement . Our hosts Prof. Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation) , begin by introducing our guest Lindsay Robertson . He is the Chickasaw Nation Endowed Chair in Native American Law, Faculty Director, the Center for the Study of American Indian Law and Policy, and the Sam K. Viersen Family Foundation Presidential Professor. He is the author of the 2005 book Conquest by Law: How the Discovery of the Americas Dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of Their Lands . The episode begins with Prof. Robertson providing the context for Johnson v. M’Intosh , Chief Justice John Marshall and the Marshall trilogy , which is Johnson v M'Intosh , 21 US (8 Wheat) 543 (1823), Cherokee Nation v Georgia , 30 US (5 Pet) 1 (1831) and Worcester v Georgia , 31 US (6 Pet) 515 (1832). Early in Prof. Robertson’s career, he was looking to do a history, and he knew these three cases so he began looking into them and began wondering what was the history and story behind the cases. As he dug into the archives, he realized that there were significant gaps in the archive. An Archives at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania helped him get into touch with Jasper Brinton, whose ancestor had been secretary of the land companies at the center of the case. It turns out that the family had preserved the documents and had an incredible archive of the materials necessary to write a history of the Johnson decision. The United Illinois and Wabash Land Companies Collection is available online and thanks to Brinton, Robertson, and the librarians at the University of Oklahoma this open-access resource is available for free online. We encourage you to please avail yourself of it as you listen to the episode. Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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Episode 05: The Doctrine of Discovery in the context of Abya Yala with Tupac Enrique Acosta 1:01:47

3 years ago1:01:47

1:01:47

Our hosts Prof. Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation) begin by introducing our guest Tupac Enrique Acosta. He is a founding member of the community based Indigenous Peoples organization TONATIERRA in Phoenix, Arizona. In this episode we explore the shifts and transmutation of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery as it moves throughout Turtle Island. For the transcript and show notes visit: podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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Episode 04: Haudenosaunee Influence on the Women’s Rights Movement 42:20

3 years ago42:20

42:20

Please join our hosts Professor Philip P. Arnold and Sandy Bigtree (Mohawk Nation) as they talk with our guest Dr. Sally Roesch Wagner . She is the Founder and Executive Director of the Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation and Center for Social Justice Dialogue in Fayetteville, New York. Transcript and show notes are available on podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org Support the show View the transcript and show notes at podcast.doctrineofdiscovery.org . Learn more about the Doctrine of Discovery on our site DoctrineofDiscovery.org .…

Mapping the Doctrine of Discovery

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Episode 03: The Doctrine of Discovery in the Mesoamerican Context with Davíd Carrasco 1:08:04

3 years ago1:08:04