What Is The History Of Anti-vaccination Beliefs? Ask A Historian podcast

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How have ideas of femininity have changed over time? How did they work in ancient Rome? PhD candidate Sheena Finnigan helps break down nuances, misconceptions, and complications of the history of femininity in ancient Rome. We explore how factors such as status and geography affected what was expected of women. Though western traditional womanhood often dictated that women remain in the private sphere supposedly based on Roman ideals, such ideas actually ran counter to ancient Roman culture where women were often expected to lead multifaceted lives. To support the podcast by supporting the UW–Madison History Department, please visit https://secure.supportuw.org/give/?id=793c8dd0-b47f-4a33-beeb-4af450d60e8e Episode Links: Sheena Finnigan is a PhD candidate and instructor in the Department of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/finnigan-sheena/ Our music is “Pamgaea” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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What is the history of anti-vaccination beliefs? 36:41

4 years ago36:41

36:41

What is the history of anti-vaccination beliefs in the United States, and how has vaccine skepticism affected the way we fight disease? Professor Sue Lederer and Professor Judy Houck trace the long history of vaccine hesitancy and resistance in the United States, demonstrating that as long as we’ve had vaccinations, we’ve had vaccination skeptics and refusers. They discuss how the vaccine hesitancy movement has always been diverse and heterogeneous, and how compulsory vaccinations have long raised issues concerning the state’s authority over individuals’ bodies. Episode Links: Sue Lederer is the Robert Turell Professor of Medical History and Bioethics in the Department of History and the Department of Medical History & Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/lederer-susan-e/ Judy Houck is Professor of History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, with joint appointments in the Department of History and the Department of Gender & Women’s Studies. https://history.wisc.edu/people/houck-judith-a/ Our music is “Pamgaea” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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Are nursing homes for seniors a relatively new concept? 52:18

4 years ago52:18

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Are nursing homes for seniors a relatively new concept? How did nursing homes become a key institution for elder care in the United States? Professor Emeritus Tom Broman talks to Christina Matta (Ph.D. ’07) about the history of elder care in Europe and the United States. They discuss the origins of hospitals in medieval Europe, the 19th and 20th-century demographic and social changes that shifted responsibility for care of the poor and elderly to the public, and the federal policies that shaped the development of the the nursing home industry in the United States. Episode Links: Tom Broman is Professor Emeritus of the History of Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/broman-thomas-h/ Tom is the co-director the Wisconsin 101, a collaborative public history project that explores Wisconsin’s diverse, interconnected history through objects. https://wi101.wisc.edu/ Christina Matta is the Career Advisor and Alumni Coordinator in the Department of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She received her Ph.D. in History of Science, Medicine, and Technology from UW–Madison in 2007. https://history.wisc.edu/people/matta-christina/ Atul Gawande, Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End (London: Picador, 2014). https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250076229 Karen Humes, “The Population 65 Years and Older: Aging in America,” in The Book of the States v. 37 (Council of State Governments, 2005), pp. 464-468. https://www.csg.org/knowledgecenter/docs/BOS2005-AgingInAmerica.pdf Frank B. Hobbs with Bonnie L. Damon, 65+ in the United States (Bureau of the Census, 1996). https://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/p23-190/p23-190.pdf Our music is “Pamgaea” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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Is the Game of Ur the oldest game in history? 34:37

4 years ago34:37

34:37

Is the Game of Ur the oldest game in history? How and why do historians study games, and what can games tell us about the people who played them? Professor Elizabeth Lapina talks to Professor Sarah Thal about the history of games. They discuss the games people played in the past, including those still familiar to us today (like Snakes & Ladders and chess) and those that are less well-remembered. As Elizabeth explains, games were a means of self-improvement, demonstrating one’s status, showing respect, and winning friendship and love. Elizabeth says that games were important to people in the past, so they should be important to historians, too. The full show transcript is available on our website. https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ Episode Links: Elizabeth Lapina is Associate Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/lapina-elizabeth/ Sarah Thal is the David Kuenzi and Mary Wyman Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/thal-sarah/ Elizabeth’s newest book, which she co-edited with Vanina Kopp, is Games and Visual Culture in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Brepols, 2021). http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503588728-1 Our music is “Pamgaea” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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How did missionaries in colonial India communicate with the people they were trying to convert? 46:03

4 years ago46:03

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The full show transcript is available on our website. https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ How did evangelical missionaries in India communicate with the people they were trying to convert? Professor Mitra Sharafi talks with Professor Mou Banerjee about the history of evangelical missionaries in colonial India, where the colonial and evangelical enterprises never fully overlapped as they did elsewhere in the world. Mou emphasizes that the history of Christian conversion in India has not been one of force. Rather, people converted for complex political, spiritual, and personal reasons. Mou and Mitra also talk about the longer history of Christianity in India. Contrary to narratives that cast Christianity and Christians as alien to the Indian nation, the history of Christianity in India is nearly as old as Christianity itself. Across centuries, there has been a long history of peaceful side-by-side coexistence and fascination with the ethical precepts of Christianity. Episode Links: Mou Banerjee is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/banerjee-mou/ Mitra Sharafi is Professor of Law & Legal Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she is also affiliated with the Department of History and the Center for South Asia. https://secure.law.wisc.edu/profiles/sharafi@wisc.edu Our music is “Pamgaea” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

Ask a Historian

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Why do many young people lack basic knowledge about the Holocaust and how do we fix this? 36:47

4 years ago36:47

36:47

The full show transcript is available on our website. https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ Recent studies conducted by the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany have produced concerning statistics on deficits in Holocaust knowledge among American millennials and Gen Z-ers. Why do many young people lack basic knowledge about the Holocaust, and how do we fix this? Professor Dan Stolz interviews Professor Brandon Bloch about the historical development of Holocaust education, how recent literature reframes our understanding of the Holocaust as part of American history, and why it's necessary to rethink the goals of Holocaust education within a multicultural United States. For Brandon, Holocaust education today can be “a vehicle for thinking about the genocidal power of racism and racial thinking in ways that are not at all distant from our own national past and present in the United States.” He argues that doing a better job of teaching the Holocaust requires strengthening and deepening historical education more broadly. Episode Links: Brandon Bloch is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he teaches the history of modern Germany and Europe and the history of human rights. https://history.wisc.edu/people/bloch-brandon/ Dan Stolz is the Kemal H. Karpat Assistant Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he teaches Ottoman and modern Middle East history. https://history.wisc.edu/people/stolz-daniel/ “New study by Claims Conference finds significant lack of Holocaust knowledge in the United States,” Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (2018) http://www.claimscon.org/study/ “First-ever 50-state survey on Holocaust knowledge of American millennials and Gen Z reveals shocking results,” Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (2020) http://www.claimscon.org/millennial-study/ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum https://www.ushmm.org/ USC Shoah Foundation – The Institute of Visual History and Education https://sfi.usc.edu/ Facing History and Ourselves https://www.facinghistory.org/ Our music is “Pamgaea” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

Ask a Historian

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HISTORY LAB 3 How do historians determine what's true when working with primary sources? 15:32

4 years ago15:32

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The full show transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ How do historians verify primary source documents? How do they account for bias and determine what’s true and what’s not? Drawing on her experiences in the Soviet archives, Professor Francine Hirsch talks about how primary sources reveal both facts and perspectives, what fabricated evidence can tell us about the past, and why it’s important to incorporate primary sources from many actors when writing history. She also shares some key questions to ask about authorial intent, audience, and reception when evaluating a primary source. Episode Links: Francine Hirsch is Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she teaches courses on Russian and Soviet history, the history of human rights, and modern Europe. https://history.wisc.edu/people/hirsch-francine/ Prof. Hirsch’s new book, Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg: A New History of the International Military Tribunal after World War II , was published this year by Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/soviet-judgment-at-nuremberg-9780199377930?cc=us&lang=en& Frederick C. Corney’s Telling October: Memory and the Making of the Bolshevik Revolution : https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801442193/telling-october/ National History Day in Wisconsin: https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS15524 UW–Madison’s History Lab: https://history.wisc.edu/undergraduate-program/the-history-lab/ Our theme music is “Wholesome” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/5050-wholesome CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Do you have a question about how to do history? Record a voice memo we’ll answer your question in an upcoming episode. Our email address is outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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How did undocumented immigrants come to dominate the workforce on U.S. dairy farms? 43:44

4 years ago43:44

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The full show transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ How did undocumented immigrants come to dominate the workforce on U.S. dairy farms? Professor David McDonald interviews PhD candidate Dustin Cohan about the history behind recent headlines that have highlighted Wisconsin dairy farmers’ reliance on undocumented immigrant laborers. As Dustin explains, the agricultural transformation in America’s Dairyland that began in the 1970s shifted the scale and labor model of dairy farms across the state, creating a new demand for hired labor. This, in turn, reshaped the lives and work of Wisconsin dairy farmers, undocumented laborers working in the dairy industry, and the migrants’ communities of origin in Veracruz, Mexico. Timestamps 03:13 Changes in the dairy industry from the 1970s-1990s 8:17 Why many migrant laborers on Wisconsin dairies are from Veracruz, Mexico 18:36 Why Americans aren’t doing this work in the dairy industry 21:15 What it’s like to work on a dairy farm 26:57 The relationship between Wisconsin farmers and migrant workers 31:33 How migrant labor in Wisconsin has transformed communities in Veracruz Episode Links: Dustin Cohan is a PhD candidate in U.S. history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he studies immigration and labor history in the 20th century. https://history.wisc.edu/people/cohan-dustin/ David McDonald is the Alice D. Mortenson/Petrovich Distinguished Chair in Russian History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he teaches courses on imperial Russia and the history of sport and popular culture. https://history.wisc.edu/people/mcdonald-david/ “Undocumented Workers Are The Backbone of Dairies. Will Trump Change That?” HuffPost, 6 October 2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wisconsin-dairy-industry-undocumented-workers_n_59c3cfb7e4b06f93538cfd3f “Wisconsin’s dairy industry would collapse without the work of Latino immigrants—many of them undocumented.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , 18 February 2020. https://www.jsonline.com/in-depth/news/special-reports/dairy-crisis/2019/11/12/wisconsin-dairy-farms-rely-immigrant-workers-undocumented-laborers/2570288001/ Puentes is the organization based in western Wisconsin that seeks to build bridges between immigrant workers from Veracruz and Wisconsin’s rural farming community. https://www.puentesbridges.org/ Ana Minian’s Undocumented Lives: The Untold Story of Mexican Migration explains how the mid-1980s U.S. immigration crackdown ultimately forced many Mexican migrants to stay in the United States permanently. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674737037 Our music is “Pamgaea” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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HISTORY LAB 2 How much time has to pass before something is considered history? 16:03

4 years ago16:03

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The full show transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ How long ago does something have to have happened in order for it to be considered history? In this History Lab episode, Professor Richard Keller explains why he considers the very recent past to be history. He also talks about the research opportunities and challenges he encountered when working on his book on the 2003 Paris heat wave and shares how our present moment can inspire students’ historical research projects. Episode Links: Richard C. Keller is Professor of the History of Medicine and Associate Dean of the International Division at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/keller-richard-c/ The book that Prof. Keller discusses in this episode is Fatal Isolation: The Devastating Paris Heat Wave of 2003 , which was published in 2015 by the University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo20145393.html National History Day in Wisconsin: https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS15524 UW–Madison’s History Lab: https://history.wisc.edu/undergraduate-program/the-history-lab/ Do you have a question about how to do history? Record a voice memo we’ll answer your question in an upcoming episode. Our email address is outreach@history.wisc.edu Our music is “Wholesome” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/5050-wholesome CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/…

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How has the United States used the category of citizenship to target people for mistreatment and exclusion? 36:35

5 years ago36:35

36:35

The full show transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ Where did the idea of citizenship come from, and how has the United States government used the category of citizenship to target people for mistreatment and exclusion? To answer these questions submitted by a listener, Professor Marla Ramírez explains the origins of the concept of citizenship in the United States and how access to U.S. citizenship has been—from the nation’s founding—contingent on race, class, and gender. She also shares the history and generational consequences of Mexican American banishment during the Great Depression, when the U.S. government forcibly removed the U.S.-citizen families of Mexican laborers from the United States. As Marla explains, these Mexican Americans’ citizenship was “invalidated or ignored or not valued equally as [that of] other U.S. citizens during this time.” Timestamps: 02:10 The origins of citizenship in the West and in the United States 11:03 Mexican Americans banishment during the Great Depression 24:42 How the history of banishment sheds light on ongoing immigration debates 27:52 How race, class, and gender continue to shape access to U.S. citizenship today Episode links: Marla A. Ramírez is Assistant Professor of History and Chican@ and Latin@ Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/ramirez-marla-a/ Marla’s recent publications on the history of immigration and citizenship include: “The Making of Mexican Illegality: Immigration Exclusions Based on Race, Class Status, and Gender” in New Political Science https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2018.1449067 “‘The Immigrant Problem’: A Historical Review of the New Impacts under Trump,” in Social Justice http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/the-immigrant-problem-a-historical-review-and-the-new-impacts-under-trump/ Our music is "Pamgaea" by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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HISTORY LAB 1 How do I know if a website is a reliable source? 13:20

5 years ago13:20

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The full show transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ As middle and high school students across Wisconsin work on their National History Day submissions, we’re answering their questions about how to do history in our History Lab mini-series. This episode, Professor Sarah Thal talks about her criteria for a reliable website, whether Wikipedia is good source for historical research, and her favorite online history resources. Episode Links: Sarah Thal is Associate Chair, Director of Undergraduate Studies, and the David Kuenzi and Mary Wyman Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/thal-sarah/ Libraries and archives New York Public Library Digital Collections https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/ British Library blogs http://www.bl.uk/blogs National Archives blogs https://www.archives.gov/social-media/blogs Smithsonian Institution https://www.si.edu/explore Wisconsin Historical Society https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/ Digital exhibitions and projects Slave Voyages https://www.slavevoyages.org/ Remembering Jim Crow http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/remembering/ Commentary or articles written by historians History News Network https://historynewsnetwork.org/ Process blog of the Organization of American Historians http://www.processhistory.org/ American Historical Association https://www.historians.org/ Videos TED-Ed https://ed.ted.com/ National History Day in Wisconsin: https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS15524 UW–Madison’s History Lab: https://history.wisc.edu/undergraduate-program/the-history-lab/ Do you have a question about how to do history? Record a voice memo we’ll answer your question in an upcoming episode. Our email address is outreach@history.wisc.edu Our music is “Wholesome” by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/5050-wholesome CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/…

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SPECIAL: Florence Robinson, Gerda Lerner, and Women's History at UW-Madison 46:10

5 years ago46:10

46:10

The full show transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ In this special episode of Ask a Historian , guest host Tyler A. Lehrer examines how Gerda Lerner—Holocaust survivor, feminist organizer, mother, and distinguished historian—came to establish the pathbreaking PhD Program in Women’s History at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. As Tyler explains, the history of women’s history at UW-Madison began not in the heyday of the women’s movement of the late 1970s but with the story of Dr. Florence Robinson. In the 1920s, Robinson’s family created the Robinson-Edwards Chair in American History, to be held by a woman historian at UW-Madison. Why did this professorship go unfilled until 1978, when Gerda Lerner arrived at Madison? Through her archived oral history interviews, Gerda Lerner leads the way as Tyler tells the fascinating story of how Lerner came to Madison, how she realized her ambition to create a women’s history doctoral program, and how her feminist commitments shaped her approach to mentorship, shared governance, and teaching. Episode links: This episode was produced and edited by guest host Tyler A. Lehrer, a PhD candidate in Southeast Asian History at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. https://history.wisc.edu/people/lehrer-tyler/ The oral histories in this episode come from the Oral History Program of the University of Wisconsin—Madison Archives. https://www.library.wisc.edu/archives/archives/oral-history-program/ Visit the Program in Gender and Women’s History online here. https://history.wisc.edu/fields-programs-and-working-groups/program-in-gender-and-womens-history/ Musical interludes in the episode are from the track “Dream Softly Baby,” by Lobo Loco. Link: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Lobo_Loco/Over_Midnight/Dream_Softly_Baby_ID_982 . CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Do you have an idea for an episode of the podcast? Send your questions for a historian to outreach@history.wisc.edu .…

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How do podcasts enrich student learning in the History classroom? 38:05

5 years ago38:05

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The full episode transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ This past summer, graduate students Maggie Flamingo and Jeffrey Guarneri each designed and taught undergraduate History courses in which they asked students to create podcasts. How did these podcast assignments enrich their students’ learning? As Maggie and Jeff explain, they set out with the goal of engaging their students in history and pressing students to think critically about the way historical narratives are constructed. We listen to excellent examples of student work that show how the podcast format encourages students to communicate effectively, analyze and integrate primary and secondary sources, and bring their creativity and personality to their work. Finally, Maggie and Jeff reflect on how their students’ podcasts enriched their experience as teachers and gave them a sense of connection to their students in the online classroom. Time stamps: 3:31 Why Maggie and Jeff decided to incorporate podcasts in their courses 6:45 Listening to undergraduate students’ podcasts 29:32 Tips for teachers and how podcasts changed the way Maggie and Jeff think about teaching Episode links: Maggie Flamingo is a PhD candidate in U.S. history at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. Her research examines the history of 20th-century evangelicalism. https://history.wisc.edu/people/flamingo-margaret/ Jeffrey Guarneri is a PhD candidate in Japanese history at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. His research focuses on port cities in 20th-century Japan. https://history.wisc.edu/people/guarneri-jeffrey/ Our music is Pamgaea by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea . CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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How did Egyptian feminism develop between the Egyptian Revolution and the Arab Spring? 42:28

5 years ago42:28

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The full episode transcript is available on our website: https://history.wisc.edu/ask-a-historian/ During the Arab Spring, Egyptian women played particularly prominent roles as activists on Tahrir Square and in the political groups that mobilized to debate the future of the Egypt. How did Egyptian feminism develop in the decades leading up to the Arab Spring? Professor Aaron Rock-Singer takes us through the 20th- and 21st-century history of Egypt to trace the ways in which the British colonial project, the secular nationalist state, and Islamist revival movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood and Salafis sought to shape the role of women in Egyptian society. Aaron highlights the contradictions and characteristics of the project of feminism in Egypt’s authoritarian political environment. He also reflects on the possibilities and challenges for activists under the current Sisi regime. Timestamps: 03:05 Women in the Egyptian Revolution and the Abdel Nasser period 11:06 The British colonial project to create a quiescent population 16:08 The Sadat and Mubarak periods 22:24 Salafism, authenticity debates, and gender segregation 31:52 Comparing developments in Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East 36:17 Reflections on the aftermath of the Arab Spring and the Sisi regime Episode links: Aaron Rock-Singer is Assistant Professor of History and the University of Wisconsin—Madison. His first book, Practicing Islam in Egypt: Print Media and Islamic Revival , was published by Cambridge University Press in 2019: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/practicing-islam-in-egypt/05564917D380AE6C37E3AECD3D6C7316#fndtn-information You can follow Aaron on Twitter @AaronRockSinger . Our music is Pamgaea by Kevin MacLeod. Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/4193-pamgaea CC BY 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please send us your questions for a historian: outreach@history.wisc.edu…

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What does it mean to reckon with the history of racism at the University of Wisconsin—Madison? 52:33

5 years ago52:33