03: Airflow in Plant Canopies, 09.08.2017

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

#Higher Education #Climate #Change #Biosphere #Phenomena #Kit #Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT #Video #Podcasting Education #Ecosystem #Transportation #Atmospheric #Service #IT Management

29:53

Steve Preston is the CEO of Goodwill Industries. Though Goodwill is known for big stores where people can donate clothes and buy them secondhand, those stores are just the first level of what Goodwill Industries are about. Those stores fund an international organization that provides job training, employment placement services and other community-based programs for people who face barriers in their employment. Steve joins Jay to discuss the ways Goodwill Industries support veterans and individuals who lack job experience, an education, or face employment challenges, such as those people who are formerly incarcerated. Today's episode was produced by Tani Levitt and Mijon Zulu. To check out more episodes or to learn more about the show, you can visit our website Allaboutchangepodcast.com. If you like our show, spread the word, tell a friend or family member, or leave us a review on your favorite podcasting app. We really appreciate it. All About Change is produced by the Ruderman Family Foundation. Episode Chapters 0:00 intro 1:02 The Goodwill you don’t know 4:33 The troubling reality of work reintegration for formerly incarcerated folks 10:00 How Steve brings his public-sector experience to Goodwill 11:17 Goodwill’s employment centers 15:51 The interplay between Goodwill’s national and local arms 24:07 The case for minimizing recidivism becoming a cross-party cause 27:05 Goodbye For video episodes, watch on www.youtube.com/@therudermanfamilyfoundation Stay in touch: X: @JayRuderman | @RudermanFdn LinkedIn: Jay Ruderman | Ruderman Family Foundation Instagram: All About Change Podcast | Ruderman Family Foundation To learn more about the podcast, visit https://allaboutchangepodcast.com/ Looking for more insights into the world of activism? Be sure to check out Jay’s brand new book, Find Your Fight , in which Jay teaches the next generation of activists and advocates how to step up and bring about lasting change. You can find Find Your Fight wherever you buy your books, and you can learn more about it at ⁠⁠⁠www.jayruderman.com⁠⁠⁠ .…

7 years ago 1:27:45

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03 | 0:00:00 Start 0:02:05 The atmospheric environment 0:05:37 Turbulence 0:18:42 Richardson Number 0:20:55 TKE and the turbulence spectrum 0:22:26 Boundary layers 0:26:31 Some basic concepts and formulae 0:29:27 Structure of the daytime atmospheric boundary layer 0:32:39 Dimensional Analysis 0:36:47 Neutrally stratified surface layer 0:38:00 The ubiquitous Log law 0:39:58 Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory in the ISL 0:45:33 Canopy turbulence and the roughness sublayer 0:51:41 The Roughness Sublayer and Inertial Sublayer 0:56:17 Foliage-atmosphere exchange processes at leaf level: aerodynamic drag 1:03:21 the canopy airspace; Aerodynamic drag as a fluid body force 1:05:07 The worm in the bud 1:10:07 Canopy flow Statistics 1:12:40 Organized structures in canopy flows 1:18:34 large eddies dominate canopy transport and TKE 1:25:06 Summary

15 episodes

03: Airflow in Plant Canopies, 09.08.2017

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

published 7 years ago

MP4•Episode home

15 episodes

#Higher Education #Climate #Change #Biosphere #Phenomena #Kit #Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT #Video #Podcasting Education #Ecosystem #Transportation #Atmospheric #Service #IT Management

All episodes

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

1
06: Capturing all relevant scales of biosphere-atmosphere exchange - Measurements and computations, 11.08.2017 1:34:54

7 years ago1:34:54

1:34:54

06 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:26 Motivation 0:07:51 The spectral gap 0:12:18 Ecosystem-Atmosphere Interactions 0:20:41 Historical overview of the energy balance closure problem 0:25:29 Hypotheses for potential reasons of the energy balance closure problem 0:27:49 Research approach and methods 0:31:56 Wavelet analysis 0:36:06 Large-eddy simulation 0:42:13 Scale-crossing field compaigns 0:42:19 BOREAS 0:44:12 TRENO preAlpine Observatory 0:45:17 ScaleX 0:47:18 TERENO lower Rhine/Eifel Observatory 0:48:09 Yatir forest in Israel 0:48:46 Selected results 0:48:47 Flow distortion error of sonic anemometers 0:53:45 Boreas Cande-Lake runs 0:58:11 Evaluation of energy balance closure parameterizations 1:01:42 Meso-skaligen Transport (3D) 1:15:25 Parameters for closure model 1:22:27 Partitioning of the total flux 1:31:34 Conclusions…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

1
16: Fish behaviour in response to hydrodynamic stimuli, 17.08.2017 1:09:56

7 years ago1:09:56

1:09:56

16 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:22 Acknowledgement 0:02:00 Introduction 0:09:35 The drag function D 0:13:04 Methods 0:17:47 Flow field (ADV measurements) 0:20:53 Space used vs Space sampled 0:22:22 Hydrodynamic preference curves 0:23:38 Specialized Behaviours Zones (SBZ) 0:26:25 Results 0:29:55 Results: How do other hydrodynamic metrics perform? 0:33:11 Drag Functions vs Mean Velocities 0:35:30 Conclusions 0:37:27 What about downstream migration? 0:38:43 Acknowledgement 0:39:39 Introduction 0:45:27 Methods 0:52:19 Methods: Numerical simulations 0:55:09 Methods: Behavioural analysis definitions 0:56:59 Results: Eels trajectories in the upstream part of the site 1:01:21 Discussion 1:07:18 Conclusions 1:09:15 References…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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15: Eco-Hydraulics and life in moving fluids, 17.08.2017 1:39:29

7 years ago1:39:29

1:39:29

15 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:30 Lectures outline 0:04:00 Lecture 1.1 – An introduction to Eco–Hydraulics and fish locomotion 0:04:05 What is Eco–Hydraulics? 0:05:43 Fish–migration 0:07:12 Hydraulic barriers and threats 0:16:04 The big picture 0:19:00 Fish locomotion 0:31:56 Fish sensing 0:45:36 Sight (slightly off topic) 0:47:30 References 0:48:10 Lecture 1.2 – Swimming and living in hydrodynamiclly–complex environments 0:48:33 The big picture 0:49:02 Hydrodynamically–complex environments 0:50:05 Turbulence in open channel flows 1:08:04 Swimming in turbulent flows 1:32:27 Other energy–saving strategies 1:38:07 Summary 1:38:43 Refrences…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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12: Plant water movement in xylem and phloem: A new perspective, 16.08.2017 56:07

7 years ago56:07

56:07

12 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:44 Why study plants? 0:02:09 Agricultural production 0:03:54 Plant vascular transport 0:05:58 Drought kills trees 0:06:56 Question: Why do plants need (so much) water? 0:08:02 Exchange of water for CO2 0:08:27 Cost of CO2 Diffusion and Fick's law 0:14:32 Transport Processes: Diffusion and advection 0:16:08 The Advection-Diffusion equation 0:19:10 Wood microstructure 0:21:25 Question: What pressures are needed to drive flow? 0:25:23 Pressure-drop/Flow rate 0:28:10 Transport Processes: The Navier-Stokes Equation 0:36:29 The Stokes equation Hagen-Poiseuille law 0:38:20 Analogy between electric and fluidic systems 0:39:53 Sugar transport 0:42:12 What powers sugar transport? 0:45:01 Taking the blood pressure of plants 0:51:07 The Münch mechanism Osmotic pressure pump 0:52:53 The leaf is an osmotic pump 0:54:57 Synthetic Phloem: Experiments by Münch (1927)…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

1
07: Turbulent Structure in Plant Canopies, 11.08.2017 1:25:07

7 years ago1:25:07

1:25:07

07 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:50 Reminder-where did we get to on Wednesday? 0:03:23 Time-Trace of velocity fluctuations-sweeps and ejections 0:05:40 Ejection/sweep ratios (neutral conditions) 0:08:43 Large-eddy simulation of canopy flows 0:09:34 ISL and Canopy Layer Velocity Profiles 0:10:53 Inflexion point in the velocity profile at canopy top is inevitable 0:14:47 The Mixing Layer Hypothesis 0:39:36 Summarizing the Mixing Layer Hypothesis 0:51:16 ABL-scale instabilities 0:57:57 Canopy instability process in strong shear (below downdrafts) 1:11:34 Summary of Canopy-ABL coupling in neutral to convective conditions 1:24:00 Final Comment…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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09: Society as a Complex System - Can we find a safe and just operating space for humanity?, 12.08.2017 1:32:24

7 years ago1:32:24

1:32:24

09 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:45 What are the Sustainable Development Goals? 0:02:12 Biophysical Planetary Boundaries – Staying in the Holocene 0:04:11 Social Planetary Boundaries – can we live within the doughnut? 0:04:50 These biophysical and social boundaries are fundamentally different 0:06:09 What is a complex system? 0:08:05 Emergence 0:11:47 Self organization – Attractors 0:14:51 Complexity versus Chaos 0:18:25 History of the world in two graphs: 1, Population and technology 0:20:15 History of the world in two graphs: 2, Population and wealth 0:21:02 Attractors in the Human-Earth system 0:22:38 The Malthusian trap-a social attractor for most of human history 0:26:45 Escaping the Malthusian Trap 0:28:37 In the Post-industrial World, a minimal description of the Human-Earth System must include societal dynamics 0:30:27 We will try to construct a systems description 0:30:59 Population: the Fertility-mortality balance and its link with wealth 0:34:20 The Key Feedback from Mortality to Fertility 0:38:23 Fertility-mortality balance-the effect of urban living 0:39:47 Generation of wealth 0:41:10 Generation of wealth-economic output 0:44:17 Social State 0:52:51 Transitioning between Natural State and Open Access Order 0:57:53 Not a new Idea 0:59:02 Social State 1:00:39 Biospheric State 1:01:27 Tracing the links and feedbacks between the four state variables 1:02:17 Population 1:03:49 Economic output 1:05:09 Societal State 1:07:50 State of the Biosphere 1:13:32 Emergence and Coarse graining 1:14:50 Effect of climate change on suitability of land for growing crops 1:20:20 Syrian Civil War 1:24:39 The known Unknowns 1:25:40 We can examine the system description 1:27:30 Can the trajectory of the human-earth system be understood...? 1:28:27 some first conclusions 1:30:33 can understanding the human-earth system as a complex system help?…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

1
05: Models and predictions: Basic ingredients, dimensionless numbers, predictions versus predictability - and what can go wrong, 10.08.2017 59:03

7 years ago59:03

59:03

05 | 0:00:00 start 0:02:19 Structure of Talk 0:02:54 Introduction 0:09:08 The purpose of models 0:15:55 Basic ingredients of models 0:19:26 Predictability and determinism 0:22:43 Nonlinear effects (Deterministic chaos) 0:27:46 Verification of models –– ''non–verifiable'' models 0:30:07 Verification of models –– no-analog communities 0:32:19 Computing models –– alternatives to general relativity 0:35:37 Computing models –– heuristic vs. physically based models 0:40:31 Extrapolation of models 0:44:28 Constituents of Climate Models 0:45:27 Climate Models: Basic variables 0:46:41 Climate Models: System of equations 0:47:23 Climate Models: Initial and boundary conditions 0:47:55 Climate Models: Straightforward solutions of the equations 0:51:25 Model zoo: Increasing complexity of models 0:53:18 Climate Models: Practical problems 0:55:52 Forecast: Changing boundary conditions 0:56:54 Forecast: Changing boundary conditions 0:57:56 Summary…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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14: Physical limits on plant size and their organs, 16.08.2017 45:26

7 years ago45:26

45:26

14 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:52 Literature 0:01:55 Centennial of On Growth and Form by D'Arcy Thompson 0:02:44 Question: Why no wheels in nature? 0:03:31 Example: Why no wheels? 0:04:37 Question: What drives evolution in biological systems? 0:04:54 Energetics of Evolution 0:06:50 Example: Size of living organisms 0:07:29 Bacterial size limited by feeding strategy 0:11:12 Sugar transport 0:11:45 The leaf is an osmotic pump 0:12:42 First mathematical model 0:14:24 Later mathematical model 0:15:14 Phloem models are complex 0:15:54 Resistor model for phloem flow speed 0:18:09 Optimal design of an osmotic pump 0:22:04 Physical limits to leaf size 0:22:59 Theophrastus, 350 BC 0:26:22 The global spectrum of plant form and function 0:27:55 Resistor model for phloem flow speed 0:28:56 limits to leaf size 0:30:29 Upper limits to leaf size 0:31:07 Lower limits to leaf size 0:35:09 Can we engineer plants that produce more sugar? 0:36:09 Drawing ''blood'' from a plant 0:36:41 Plants treat fluorescein as sugar! 0:38:04 Confocal Microscope – Photobleaching 0:38:58 Microfluid model 0:39:58 Plant sugar concentration 0:41:23 Sugar flow in plants 0:42:38 Sugar mass flow 0:42:56 Plants are optimized for efficient transport 0:43:54 Crop plants have highest concentration 0:44:40 iPhloem 2017…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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10: An introduction to the soil-root-system, 14.08.2017 1:20:44

7 years ago1:20:44

1:20:44

10 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:27 An introduction to the soil-root-system 0:01:59 Bulk Soil Properties Defined 0:07:58 Representative Elementary Volume (REV) and the continuum hypothesis 0:11:20 State equation for soil water 0:13:12 Fluxes and flow of water 0:14:41 Text-book view-Analogy to other transport laws 0:21:50 Fluxes and flow of water 0:23:31 Fluxes and flow of water: The driving gradient 0:30:48 An 'ad-hoc' derivation of Darcy's law (for saturated conditions) 0:40:44 Darcy-Forchheimer law at Moderate Reynolds Number 0:43:29 Darcy's Law and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation 0:45:11 An 'ad-hoc' derivation of Darcy's law 0:50:21 Simplified mathematical representations 0:53:58 State Equation with roots 0:55:49 Dynamic Responses 0:56:35 Broader implications of case study for Soil moisture dynamics and climate 0:57:45 Background-Soil moisture dynamics and climate 0:58:54 Experimental results 1:00:43 Qualitative Analysis of Soil Moisture Response to Rainfall Fluctuations 1:01:17 Depth-Averaged continuity 1:04:08 Sample Time Series Measurements from Duke Forest, Durham, NC 1:05:22 Modeling Soil Moisture Dynamics: ET-s relation 1:07:02 Spectral Analysis of Soil Moisture 1:13:43 Implications to climate 1:14:17 Qualitative Analysis- Systems Approach 1:14:46 Root Water Uptake 1:16:49 Soil moisture simulations 1:19:49 Future Research Trends…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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08: Life with an Altitude: A biosphere-Atmosphere Perspektive, 12.08.2017 1:30:46

7 years ago1:30:46

1:30:46

08 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:20 Life with an Altitude 0:02:41 The Eagle's Perspective 0:04:56 The Flux Sensor's Perspective 0:05:39 Surface- Atmosphere Exchange over Inhomogeneous Terrain 0:07:17 Pattern: Spatial Scales 0:07:55 Landscape: Impose Pattern and Scale 0:08:40 Is this forest homogeneous? 0:09:17 Measured Variability depends on Resolution: 0:12:28 Plant-Environment Interaction: CO2 0:14:25 Micrometeorological Flux Measurements: 0:16:51 The Flux Footprint 0:25:44 Tigerbush (Niger) 0:27:05 Variations of Source Areas (using FSAM) 0:29:33 Tigerbush after FSAM-Filtering 0:32:40 Variation of Location Bias (using FSAM) 0:34:59 Summary 0:36:19 Does the Footprint Concept Actually Work? 0:37:14 ''Field of View'' / Footprint Varies with Time 0:38:28 Is the Vancouver Suburban Study Area Homogeneous? 0:41:45 Measured Spatial Variability of Sensible Heat Flux (QH) in Residental Vancouver Area(1986) 0:46:42 Morgan-Monroe State Forest (Indiana) 0:49:25 Location and shape of the footprint... 0:52:09 Original NDVI: 0:55:06 8–Day Flux Footprint Composite 0:55:58 Conclusions 0:57:22 Flow over Inhomogeneous Surfaces 1:08:38 Asymmetric Shear-Stress Response to Step-changes in Surface Roughness 1:13:33 Surface Texture Parameters 1:18:15 Flow over Inhomogeneous Surfaces 1:28:35 Take home points:…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

1
03: Airflow in Plant Canopies, 09.08.2017 1:27:45

7 years ago1:27:45

1:27:45

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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02: Introduction to the fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of cavitation in plants, 09.08.2017 1:17:05

7 years ago1:17:05

1:17:05

02 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:05 Structure of Talk 0:01:44 Very short history of land plant evolution 0:04:41 Rapid radiation of vascular plants 0:05:16 Xylem structure of vascular plants 0:07:45 Part 1 – Outline of the cohesion - tension theory 0:07:48 Anatomic features of the plant water transport system 0:08:19 Experimental evidence for sap flow 0:10:06 Outline of the cohesion – tension theory 0:15:44 Description of sap flow 0:21:14 Hazards to water transport 0:21:46 Experimental evidence for cavitation 0:22:19 Hazards to water transport – spontaneous cavitation 0:27:25 Hazards to water transport – air seeding 0:33:31 Safety measures against embolism 0:45:27 Condition for dissolution of mechanically stable bubbles 0:51:33 Xylem structure of vascular plants 0:53:53 Part2 – Restoration of conductivity and possible complications 0:53:56 Restoration of conductivity – basic idea of repair scenario 0:59:43 Bubble evolution after cavitation 1:02:10 Evolution of lumen bubble after cavitation 1:04:34 Evolution of pit bubble after caviation 1:07:07 Evolution of pit bubble near restoration of conductivity 1:09:22 Complications of the repair scenario 1:14:27 Summary…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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04: Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange: From kinetic theory to the limits of plant life, 10.08.2017 1:29:20

7 years ago1:29:20

1:29:20

04 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:59 Collaborators 0:02:12 Introduction 0:03:09 Evaporation: A Molecular Perspective 0:05:57 From ‘Molecular‘ to ‘Turbulence‘ 0:07:59 Bringing in the energy 0:10:38 Combination equation and thermal stratification effects 0:11:34 Bringing in the plants 0:13:35 Stomata and the climate system 0:15:08 Stomata and climate 0:16:21 Stomata and the climate system 0:18:37 Droughts and Forest Mortality 0:19:38 Water transport theories 0:22:45 Question: 0:23:38 Hypothesis for each system 0:27:03 Leaf gas – exchange equations 0:28:53 Contemporary empirical formulations 0:30:37 Widely used in climate models 0:32:25 Optimization model (Lan Cowan) 0:35:27 Optimization model 0:36:55 Linearized biochemical demand function 0:39:55 Optimization model 0:41:22 Recovery of empirical models 0:43:49 Stomatal responses to vapor pressure deficit: Is the D^-1/2 consistent with literature responses? 0:45:29 Stomatal responses to vapor pressure deficit: Is the D^-1/2 reasonable? 0:45:53 Optimization models (Linear form) 0:47:28 Apparent feed – forward mechanism 0:52:36 Optimization models and apparent feed–forward mechanism 0:53:24 Apparent feed–forward mechanism 0:53:53 Apparent feed–forward mechanism for Rubisco–limited Photosynthesis 0:55:27 Apparent feed-forward mechanism: Revisiting Bunce(1997) data 0:56:20 More on the onset of apparent feedforward mechanism 0:58:44 Revise to accommodate mesophyll 1:00:34 Linearized formulation 1:03:02 Model results 1:04:02 How to specify ? for a fluctuation water supply? 1:04:48 Plausibility argument for a constant ? on short times 1:09:01 Single dry–down time scale 1:11:17 Konrad et al. 2008: Determine ?ww from Stomatal pore geometry and diffusion 1:11:50 Hydraulic transport 1:12:51 Maximum hydraulic transport 1:22:16 Sugar mass transport in Phloem 1:24:14 Optimal sugar concentration 1:25:20 Putting it all together – coordination 1:26:28 Conclusions and Future Directions 1:27:49 Future Directions…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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01: Introduction to stress physiology of plants, 09.08.2017 52:38

7 years ago52:38

52:38

01 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:20 Stress Physiology of Plants 0:02:27 Background - Stress 0:03:35 Relevance of drought & heat stress 0:04:32 Example: European summer drought & heat in 2003 0:05:59 Why is water shortage critical for plants? 0:06:17 The plant water highway 0:09:43 Example: Callitris - most drought-resistant conifer genus in the world 0:12:19 How can trees avoid excessive water less? 0:12:45 Tree responses to drought - Restricting water loss 0:16:13 Example: Stomatal responses to soil drought and atmospheric demand 0:18:45 Water - That's only part of the story 0:19:59 Example: Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis 0:22:36 Example: Non-structural carbohydrates during stress 0:26:05 Example: Reduced shoot-root coupling under drought 0:28:13 Summary 0:30:13 Beyond the extreme: Recovery dynamics following heat and drought stress in woody plants 0:30:23 Introduction 0:31:26 Background: Post-stress recovery 0:33:06 Recovery f(stress) 0:34:56 recovery f(stress) - Drought 0:37:01 Recovery f(stress) - Heat wave 0:38:54 Recovery of tree physiological parameters 0:42:46 Example: Heat waves induce long-term effects 0:46:07 Example: Heat waves affect phenological development in the following year 0:46:50 Example: Heat & drought-induced legacies 0:49:09 Caveat in experimental studies on recovery: Duration of post-stress observation 0:50:24 Take-home message…

Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

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00: The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start, 09.08.2017 1:16:30

7 years ago1:16:30